1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture 4 – Electricity & Magnetism (Electrostatics) a. Electric Charge, Electric Field & Gauss’ Law

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 21 Electric Charge and Electric Field

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation Electric Charge in the Atom Insulators and Conductors Induced Charge; the Electroscope Coulomb’s Law The Electric Field Field Lines Units of Chapter 21

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Objects can be charged by rubbing 21 - 1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Charge comes in two types, positive and negative; like charges repel and opposite charges attract. 21 - 1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Electric charge is conserved – the arithmetic sum of the total charge cannot change in any interaction. 21 - 1 Static Electricity; Electric Charge and Its Conservation

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Atom: Nucleus (small, massive, positive charge) Electron cloud (large, very low density, negative charge) 21 - 2 Electric Charge in the Atom

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Polar molecule: neutral overall, but charge not evenly distributed 21 - 2 Electric Charge in the Atom

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Conductor: Charge flows freely Metals Insulator: Almost no charge flows Most other materials Some materials are semiconductors. 21-3 Insulators and Conductors

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Metal objects can be charged by conduction: 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. They can also be charged by induction, either while connected to ground or not: 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Nonconductors won’t become charged by conduction or induction, but will experience charge separation: 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The electroscope can be used for detecting charge. 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The electroscope can be charged either by conduction or by induction. 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The charged electroscope can then be used to determine the sign of an unknown charge. 21-4 Induced Charge; the Electroscope

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Experiment shows that the electric force between two charges is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them. 21-5 Coulomb’s Law

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Coulomb’s law: This equation gives the magnitude of the force between two charges. 21-5 Coulomb’s Law

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The force is along the line connecting the charges, and is attractive if the charges are opposite, and repulsive if they are the same. 21-5 Coulomb’s Law

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Unit of charge: coulomb, C. The proportionality constant in Coulomb’s law is then: k = 8.99 x 10 9 N·m 2 /C 2. Charges produced by rubbing are typically around a microcoulomb: 1 μC = 10 -6 C. 21-5 Coulomb’s Law

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Charge on the electron: e = 1.602 x 10 -19 C. Electric charge is quantized in units of the electron charge. 21-5 Coulomb’s Law

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The proportionality constant k can also be written in terms of ε 0, the permittivity of free space: 21-5 Coulomb’s Law

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-5 Coulomb’s Law Conceptual Example 21-1: Which charge exerts the greater force? Two positive point charges, Q 1 = 50 μC and Q 2 = 1 μC, are separated by a distance. Which is larger in magnitude, the force that Q 1 exerts on Q 2 or the force that Q 2 exerts on Q 1 ?

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-5 Coulomb’s Law Example 21-2: Three charges in a line. Three charged particles are arranged in a line, as shown. Calculate the net electrostatic force on particle 3 (the -4.0 μC on the right) due to the other two charges.

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-5 Coulomb’s Law Example 21-3: Electric force using vector components. Calculate the net electrostatic force on charge Q 3 shown in the figure due to the charges Q 1 and Q 2.

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The electric field is defined as the force on a small charge, divided by the magnitude of the charge: 21-6 The Electric Field

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-6 The Electric Field An electric field surrounds every charge.

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. For a point charge: 21-6 The Electric Field

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Force on a point charge in an electric field: 21-6 The Electric Field

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-6 The Electric Field Example 21-6: Electric field of a single point charge. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field at a point P which is 30 cm to the right of a point charge Q = -3.0 x 10 -6 C.

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-6 The Electric Field Example 21-7: E at a point between two charges. Two point charges are separated by a distance of 10.0 cm. One has a charge of -25 μC and the other +50 μC. (a) Determine the direction and magnitude of the electric field at a point P between the two charges that is 2.0 cm from the negative charge. (b) If an electron (mass = 9.11 x 10 -31 kg) is placed at rest at P and then released, what will be its initial acceleration (direction and magnitude)?

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 21-6 The Electric Field Example 21-8: above two point charges. Calculate the total electric field (a) at point A and (b) at point B in the figure due to both charges, Q 1 and Q 2.

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Problem solving in electrostatics: electric forces and electric fields 1. Draw a diagram; show all charges, with signs, and electric fields and forces with directions. 2. Calculate forces using Coulomb’s law. 3. Add forces vectorially to get result. 4. Check your answer! 21-6 The Electric Field

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The electric field can be represented by field lines. These lines start on a positive charge and end on a negative charge. 21-8 Field Lines

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The number of field lines starting (ending) on a positive (negative) charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge. The electric field is stronger where the field lines are closer together. 21-8 Field Lines

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Electric dipole: two equal charges, opposite in sign: 21-8 Field Lines

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The electric field between two closely spaced, oppositely charged parallel plates is constant. 21-8 Field Lines

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary of field lines: 1.Field lines indicate the direction of the field; the field is tangent to the line. 2.The magnitude of the field is proportional to the density of the lines. 3.Field lines start on positive charges and end on negative charges; the number is proportional to the magnitude of the charge. 21-8 Field Lines

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Two kinds of electric charge – positive and negative. Charge is conserved. Charge on electron: e = 1.602 x 10 -19 C. Conductors: electrons free to move. Insulators: nonconductors. Summary of Chapter 21

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Charge is quantized in units of e. Objects can be charged by conduction or induction. Coulomb’s law: Electric field is force per unit charge: Summary of Chapter 21

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Electric field of a point charge: Electric field can be represented by electric field lines. Summary of Chapter 21

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 22 Gauss’s Law

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Electric Flux Gauss’s Law Units of Chapter 22

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Electric flux: Electric flux through an area is proportional to the total number of field lines crossing the area. 22-1 Electric Flux

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 22-1 Electric Flux Example 22-1: Electric flux. Calculate the electric flux through the rectangle shown. The rectangle is 10 cm by 20 cm, the electric field is uniform at 200 N/C, and the angle θ is 30°.

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Flux through a closed surface: 22-1 Electric Flux

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The net number of field lines through the surface is proportional to the charge enclosed, and also to the flux, giving Gauss’s law: This can be used to find the electric field in situations with a high degree of symmetry. 22-2 Gauss’s Law

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 22-2 Gauss’s Law For a point charge, Therefore, Solving for E gives the result we expect from Coulomb’s law:

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 22-2 Gauss’s Law Using Coulomb’s law to evaluate the integral of the field of a point charge over the surface of a sphere surrounding the charge gives: Looking at the arbitrarily shaped surface A 2, we see that the same flux passes through it as passes through A 1. Therefore, this result should be valid for any closed surface.

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 22-2 Gauss’s Law Finally, if a gaussian surface encloses several point charges, the superposition principle shows that: Therefore, Gauss’s law is valid for any charge distribution. Note, however, that it only refers to the field due to charges within the gaussian surface – charges outside the surface will also create fields.

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Electric flux: Gauss’s law: Gauss’s law can be used to calculate the field in situations with a high degree of symmetry. Gauss’s law applies in all situations, and therefore is more general than Coulomb’s law. Summary of Chapter 22