3. North America in 1750

4. France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India. 1763  Treaty of Paris

5. North America in 1763

6. 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary! Effects of the War on Britain?

7. 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify. Effects of the War on the American Colonials

8. The road to conflict between the British and the Colonists

9. Real Whigs Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body?? Theories of Representation

10. 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 4. Stamp Act - 1765 3. Quartering Act - 1765 George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765

11. 1767  William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. A Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. A He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. A Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. A Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770

14. BritainAmericans Advantages?? Disadvantages?? On the Eve of the Revolution ?

15. LoyalistStrongholds

16. Washington’s Headaches Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral]. State/colony loyalties. Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army. Poor training…until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

17. Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

18. Military Strategies Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down] Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. The AmericansThe British Break the colonies in half by getting between the North & the South Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally. “Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

19. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

20. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.

21. Phase II: NY & PA [1777-1778]

22. New York City in Flames (1776)

23. Washington Crossing the Delaware What are the anomalies in this painting? Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

24. British March in formation or bayonet charge. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings. Drills & tough discipline. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Indian-style guerilla tactics. Col. militias served under own captains. No mil. deference or protocols observed. Resistance to rising taxes. Casual, non-professionals. Methods of Fighting: Military Organization: Military Discipline: Finances: Demeanor: British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials

25. Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? A modern-day re-enactment

26. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

27. Britain’s “Southern Strategy” Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. Southern resources were more valuable and worth preserving. The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!] Good US General: Nathanial Greene

28. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau Admiral De Grasse

29. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: Painted by John Trumbull, 1797 “The World Turned Upside Down!”

31. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

33. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

34. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

35. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. 13 out of 13 to amend. Representatives were frequently absent. Could not tax or raise armies. No executive or judicial branches.

36. State Constitutions Republicanism. Most had strong governors with veto power. Most had bicameral legislatures. Property required for voting. Some had universal white male suffrage. Most had bills of rights. Many had a continuation of state- established religions while others disestablished religion.

37. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

38. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

39. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

40. State Claims to Western Lands

41. Land Ordinance of 1785

42. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress! Statehood achieved in three stages: 1.Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. 2.When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature. 3.When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

43. The United States in 1787

44. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

45. Annapolis Convention (1786) 12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

46. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

47. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

48. There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington