1. Lecturer/ Najla AlQahtani

2.  An overview of the consonant sounds.  Introducing the vowel sounds in English : - Single vowels - Compound vowels  Glottal stops and Flaps.  Practice

3. Vowel Sounds

4.  vowel sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air.  They are all typically voiced.  Vowels are described in terms of highness and frontness

5. Single Vowel Sounds

6.  [i] bead, beef, key, me  [ ɪ ] bid, myth, women  [ ɛ ] bed, dead, said  [æ] bad, laugh, wrap

7.  [ ə ] above, oven, support  [ ʌ ] butt, blood, dove, tough

8.  [u] boo, move, two, you  [ ʊ ] book, could, put  [ ɔ ] born, caught, fall, raw  [ ɑ ] Bob, cot, swan

9. Compound Vowel Sounds

10.  Sounds that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds, known as diphthongs.  When we produce diphthongs, our vocal organs move from one vocalic position to another.  Example : our vocal organs move from one vocalic position [a] to another [ ɪ ] as we produce the sound [a ɪ ], as in Hi or Bye. The movement in this diphthong is from low towards high front. Alternatively, we can use movement from low towards high back, combining [a] and [ ʊ ] to produce the sound [a ʊ ], as in cow.

11.  [a ɪ ] buy, eye, I, my, pie, sigh  [a ʊ ] bough, doubt, cow  [e ɪ ] bait, eight, great, late, say  [o ʊ ] boat, home, throw, toe  [ ɔɪ ] boy, noise

12. The glottal stop and flaps

13.  The glottal stop, represented by the symbol [ ʔ ]  occurs when the space between the vocal folds (the glottis) is closed completely (very briefly), then released.  This sound is considered to be characteristic of Cockney (London) speech. You will also hear glottal stops in the pronunciation of some Scottish speakers and also New Yorkers.

14.  Example :  you can also produce a glottal stop if you try to say the words butter or bottle without pronouncing the “-tt-” part in the middle.  (Try saying the name Harry Potter as if it didn’t have the “H” or the “tt.”)

15.  If, however, you are someone who pronounces the word butter in a way that is close to “budder,” then you are making a flap.  It is represented by [D] or sometimes [ ɾ ]. This  sound is produced by the tongue tip tapping the alveolar ridge briefly.  Many American  English speakers have a tendency to “flap” the [t] and [d] consonants between vowels.

16.  Example :  in casual speech, the pairs latter and ladder do not have distinct middle consonants. Nor do writer and rider, metal and medal. They all have flaps.

17.  2 Which of the following words normally end with voiceless (−V) sounds and  which end with voiced sounds (+V) sounds?  (a) bang ____ (d) fizz____ (g) splat ____  (b) crash ____ (e) rap____ (h) thud ____  (c) ding ____ (f) smack ____ (i) wham ____

18.  3 Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following words and identify the place of articulation of each one (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.).  (a) calf ____(e) hand ____(i) shoulder _________  (b) chin __________ (f) knee __________ (j) stomach __________  (c) foot __________ (g) mouth __________ (k) thigh __________  (d) groin __________ (h) pelvis __________ (l) toe __________

19.  For further illustration, you may find the following youtube lesson useful :  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMM_hw yHxaI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMM_hw yHxaI

20. End of lecture..