1. Cancer Treatment Ashley Panakezham Rosemin Panjwani Osman Jamal Mustafa Quraishi

2. - Treatment for cancer is determined according to the type of cancer. The most common ones include Surgery ( solid tumors and tissue around it) Chemotherapy (leukemia) Radiation Nutritional counciling Physiotherapy Or a combination of these. If the tumor cells are sensitive to the treatments above... Palliative is intended to reduce the manifestations and complications to prolong life. - Adjuvant therapy ( prophylactic) : used for cancers which are in their early development.

3. Radiation Therapy Radiationtrapy causes mutations in DNA, and prevents mitosis or can cause immediate cell death. It is most effective on cells undergoing DNA synthesis or mitosis. Radiation can be used before before surgery to shrink a tumor or destroy loose surface cells, or it can be done after healing of the surgical site.

4. Methods of Administration External Sources: deliver radiation for a short period of time to a specific site in the body. (cobalt machine) Internal Insertion: insertion of radioactive materials at the tumor site that may be used to treat specific cancers. Radioisotope: instilling a radioisotope in a solution in a body cavity can control excessive inflammatory exudate or blood from the tumor.

5. Precautions Precautions are required when the patients have internal sources of radiation into the body.

6. Adverse Effects Bone marrow depression: most serious and negative effect. Blood level counts are reduced to a critical level. Epithelial Cell damage: includes damage to blood vessels (vasculitis) and skin. Skin becomes inflammed, hair loss occurs. Abdominal radiation damages the ovaries and testes, resulting in sterility Radiation produces a nonspecific fatigue and lethargy, along with mental depression.

7. Chemotherapy This can be used alone or combined with surgery and radiation. A combo of 2 to 4 drugs is given to a patient from different classes (antimitotics, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, and antibiotics). They interfere with DNA replication and protein synthesis in cycle, destroying cells. Each type of cancer matched to drug, when drug reacts at different point, max. # of malignant cells destroyed.

8. Destroying Drugs Adriamycin- antitumor antibiotic that binds DNA and inhibits DNA synthesis, w/ other cell membrane activity. Same as bleomycin, w/out activity Vinblastine- cell-cycle specific antimitotic, acts on cells in mitosis Dacarbazine- alkylating agent non-specific acting at several points in cycle. This combo treats Hodgkin’s lymphoma

9. Chemotherapy High doses of drugs given to damage tumor, there is a rest period for tissues to recover. Many drugs are issued on outpatient basis. damages cells, skin and mucosa, bone marrow, and gonads. One of drugs may cause hair loss or nausea.

10. Chemotherapy Cell count can run low depending on drug. And if it gets too low, treatment postponed. Many things are at risk with thypes of therapy, like hemorrhage, infections, more tumors, and pneumonia. Even skin infections. Vomiting may also occur during or after treatment in response to mucosal inflammation and damage in digestive tract. Epithelial cells and fibrosis are alsso damaged.

11. Other Drugs Hormones –Prednisone is used to decrease mitoses and to increase erythrocyte counts. –Sex hormones are beneficial when tumor growth is dependent on hormone levels. Estrogen slows the growth of prostate cancer.

12. Continued… Biological response modifiers (BRMs) –Agents that augment the natural immune response in body to improve surveillance and removal of abnormal cells. Angiogenisis inhibitor drug group –Blocks the endothelial cell growth by various mechanisms and therefore reduce local blood flow and starve the tumor cells.

13. More Drugs Analgesics –For pain control and are an important part of therapy particularly when cancer is advanced.

14. Nutrition Many patients with cancer are often malnourished. Contributing factors include –Anorexia –Vomiting –Sore mouth or teeth loss –Pain and fatigue –Malabsorption

15. Continued… Icing and mouth rinses is recommended to reduce ulcers. Small amounts of “favorite” food is tolerated. Pain control and antiemetic drugs may increase appetite. Total parental nutrition involves injecting nutrition mixture into peripheral vein.