2. Particular populationsRespiratory-Based problems Laryngeal cancer The aging voice Deaf and hard of hearing Pediatric Professional voice users Transgender Airway obstructions Asthma Emphysema Faulty breath control PVFM Tracheostomy Medical intervention Laryngectomy Counseling and communication options

4.  Voice is not affected in a sensorineural hearing loss  Until the loss exceeds 50 dB in frequencies under 2000 Hz

5.  Voice charateristcs in deaf or profoundly hard of hearing people  Elevated F0  Varied pitch and loudness changes  Downward formant shifts  Resonance variations  Speech characteristics of those people  Slower rate of speech by prolonging vowels  Variations in the prosody or melody of speech

6.  Voice training for the severely hearing-impaired people should not begin  Until efforts are made to provide needed amplification.

7. Treatment Features Symptoms cause Hearing los s Elevated F0 Normal anatomy and physiology of the larynx and VF Excessive p itch variabil ity Excessive l oudness va riability Awareness of voice Soft wareCue arrowsFingers Visual feedback tactile feedback

8. Treatment Features Symptoms cause Hearing loss Alterations in na sal resonance Excessive poste rior posturing of the tongue Tongue protrusi on Excessive phary ngeal resonanc e

10.  2 common causes  Structural and lesion mass airflow interference  Abnormal laryngeal movement interference  2 types of airway obstructions  Airflow interference  Vocal fold paralysis

11.  2 common causes  Infectious  Epiglottis and supraglottal structures  Result of bacterial infection  Subglottal obstruction  Croup – a viral disease  Noninfectious – space occupying lesions  Carcinoma  Large cysts

12.  treaments  Infectious  Antibiotic therapy  Corticosteroids etc.  Noninfectious – space occupying lesions  Radiations therapy  Surgical reduction or removal of the lesions

13.  Mostly is larngeal paralysis  2 common types  Unilateral  Contributes to some compromise of the open airway  Bilateral  Bilateral abductor paralysis  A life-threatening obstacle of the open airway

15.  3 common causes  Organic disease  Functional misuse  Both of them

16.  Treatments  Respiration training!!!

18.  Nonorganic disorder of the upper airway  Both true and false VFs  Exhibiting paradoxical function of closure on  Inspiration  Expiration  Combination of them Symptoms of respiratory distress do not respond to treatment for asthma

19.  An excellent description and photograph of larynx during a PVFM inspiration  The membranous portion of the folds adducted  With a posterior triangular glottal chink

20.  3 common causes  Psychogenic  In conversion reaction  Visceral ( 本能的 )  Related to irritation from LPR  Upper airway sensitivity  Neurological  A form of laryngeal dystonia

21.  Aware of abnormal and normal VF positioning during inspiration and expiration  Voice therapy  Yawn sign  Nasal inspiration  Working on /s/ duration  Use of diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing  Videoendoscopic biofeedback