1. Exam #1 Class Data
3rd: average 5th: average 2 Failures 2 Failures 4 scores over scores over /50 Score 1 Perfect Score Highest Grade 108 Highest Grade 110 6th: average 4 Failures 3 scores of 100 or over Highest Grade 101

2. Most-Missed Questions
Which of the following is an example of commensalism:
A goat fish sifting through sand, finding, then eating small crustaceans
A clownfish living inside of an anemone
An aquatic flea living off of a pigmy seahorse
A pigmy seahorse using camouflage to hide within a coral

3. Most-Missed Questions
All of the following will occur when temperature is decreased within an aquatic system, EXCEPT:
There will be less thermal energy available
The concentration of oxygen will increase
The metabolism of the cold-blooded organisms will decrease
The concentration of TAN will increase

4. Most-Missed Questions
If an aquatic system is suffering due to a massive increase in ammonia, all of the following will help lower the ammonia to a safe level EXCEPT:
Removing aquatic plants
Adding aquatic plants
Stimulating more algae growth
Reducing the amount of food going into the system

5. Most-Missed Questions
Which of the following change would help increase the rate at which a sick fish takes in medication:
Decreasing the temperature of the tank
Increasing the temperature of the tank
Decreasing the pH of the tank
Increasing the pH of the tank

6. Exam Advice If you did poorly on the exam, consider the following:
That will be, by far, the easiest exam in this class
You should study the quizzes
You should be actively engaged in the quizzes, not simply waiting to hear an answer to enter
You should complete your exam review (all the terms you need are on the review, its bonus credit, and the completed review is posted online days before the exam)

7. History of Oceanography Project
Get in a group of 3 or fewer
Look over the available topics & choose a few that you would like to present
Your names will be randomized & then, in that order, you will get to pick your topic.
Please mark which topic is yours, it is your responsibility to remember the topic.
This is due on Friday.

8. Essentials of Oceanography
The Marine Habitats
Essentials of Oceanography

9. The diversity of marine life
The ocean is home to a wide variety of organisms
Marine organisms range from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest animal in the world (blue whale)
Number of known marine species: 250,000

10. Classification of living things
Organisms can be classified into one of three domains of life:
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Figure 12-1

11. Classification of living things
Organisms can also be classified into one of five kingdoms:
Monera
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Figure 12-1

12. Classification of living things
Taxonomic classification includes the following increasingly specific groupings:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

13. Taxonomic classification of selected organisms
Category
Human
Killer whale
Giant kelp
Kingdom
Animalia
Protoctista
Phylum
Chordata
Phaeophyta
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Class
Mammalia
Phaeophycae
Order
Primates
Cetacea
Laminariales
Family
Hominidae
Delphinidae
Lessoniaceae
Genus
Homo
Orcinus
Macrocystis
Species
sapiens
orca
pyrifera

14. Classification of marine organisms
Marine organisms can be classified into one of three groups based on habitat and mobility:
Plankton (floaters)
Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae)
Zooplankton (drifting animals)
Nekton (swimmers)
Benthos (bottom dwellers)

15. Plankton: Examples
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Figure 12-2

16. Nekton: Examples
Figure 12-4

17. Benthos: Examples
Figure 12-5

18. Life cycle of a squid
Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages
Squid are considered meroplankton (opposite = holoplankton)
“mero” – part
“holo” - whole
Figure 12-3

19. Distribution of species on Earth
The land has more species because it has greater environmental variability than the ocean
Most ocean species are benthic because of greater environmental variability compared to pelagic environments
Figure 12-6

20. Adaptations of organisms to the marine environment
The marine environment presents many challenges to organisms because seawater:
Is dense enough to support organisms
Has high viscosity
Experiences variations in temperature and salinity
Contains variable amounts of dissolved gases
Has high transparency
Has a dramatic change of pressure with depth
Marine organisms have various adaptations for the conditions of the marine environment

21. Need for physical support
Condition:
Seawater is dense enough to support marine organisms
Adaptations:
Many marine organisms lack rigid skeletons, appendages, or vast root systems
Instead, they rely on buoyancy and friction to maintain their position within the water column

22. Need for physical support

23. Seawater’s viscosity controlled by temperature
Condition:
Seawater’s viscosity (resistance to flow) is strongly affected by temperature
Cold water has higher viscosity than warm water, so is more difficult to swim through
Warm water has lower viscosity, so organisms tend to sink within the water column

24. Seawater’s viscosity controlled by temperature
Adaptations:
Many warm-water organisms have ornate appendages to say afloat
Many cold-water organisms are streamlined to swim more easily
Warm-water copepod
Cold-water copepod
Figure 12-7

25. Warm-water copepod

26. Cold-water copepod

27. Bellwork: 09/17/2012
1) You are investigating plankton found in a bay near your fancy expensive house, and you notice that the plankton have many appendages branching from the main body of the organism. From this, you can conclude what about the water in the bay? For what reason would the plankton have these appendages?

28. Bellwork: 09/17/2012
2) What percentage of total known species are aquatic? What percentage of that percentage are Benthic? Pelagic? Why do you think that is the case? 3) If you are “new” to my class you probably still owe me a ton of work from the first unit that you missed. Don’t forget to get that done: consolaquatc.com

29. Seawater’s viscosity and adaptations of phytoplankton
Condition:
Phytoplankton must remain in sunlit surface waters
Adaptations:
Small size increases surface area to volume ratio
Appendages increase frictional resistance
Tiny droplet of low density oil increases buoyancy
Figure 12-8

30. Variations in temperature
Condition:
Coastal water temperatures vary more than the open ocean or at depth
Adaptations:
Many coastal organisms can withstand a wide temperature range (are eurythermal, “broad”)
Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can withstand only a small temperature range (are stenothermal, “narrow”)

31. Variations in salinity
Condition:
Coastal environments experience greater salinity variation than the open ocean or at depth
Adaptations:
Many shallow-water coastal organisms can withstand a wide salinity range (are euryhaline)
Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can withstand only a small change in salinity (are stenohaline). “steno” = narrow range

32. Osmosis
Condition:
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentrations
Osmosis removes water from hypotonic organisms
Osmosis adds water to hypertonic organisms
Figure 12-13

33. Osmosis
Adaptations:

34. Dissolved gases: Oxygen
Condition:
Marine animals need oxygen to survive
Adaptations:
Many marine animals use gills to extract dissolved oxygen from seawater
Marine mammals must breathe air
Figure 12-15

35. Abundance of dissolved oxygen and nutrients with depth
Figure 12-20

36. Seawater’s high transparency
Condition:
Seawater has high transparency
Adaptations:
Transparency
Camouflage
Countershading
Migration (DSL)
Camouflage
Countershading
Figure 12-17

37. Seawater’s high transparency
Camouflage

38. Seawater’s high transparency
Camouflage

39. Seawater’s high transparency
Camouflage

40. Seawater’s high transparency
Camouflage

41. Seawater’s high transparency
Countershading

42. Hachet fish & Chromatophores

43. Bellwork: 09/11/2013
In the first 30 minutes of class you must complete the following:
Change water, making sure to remove at least down to the line drawn on your tank
Scrub algae from the glass & the filter intakes
Make sure to refill your tank to the top binding of the tank
Turn in a copy of the following to Mr. Young & keep a copy for yourself:
Freshwater tanks: DO, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, pH, temperature,
Saltwater tanks: DO, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, pH, temperature, water hardness (kH), calcium, phosphate
Your remaining time is dedicated to working on your History of Oceanography presentation

44. Bellwork: 09/12/2013
What type of cells are used to change an aquatic organism’s color?
When considering temperature & salinity, describe the differences in coastal waters & open ocean waters.

45. The deep scattering layer (DSL)
Organisms within the deep scattering layer undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker waters during daytime
Figure 12B

46. Increase of pressure with depth
Condition:
Pressure increases rapidly with depth
Adaptations:
Most marine organisms lack large compressible air pockets inside their bodies
Water-filled bodies exert the same amount of pressure as is pushing inward, so marine organisms do not feel the high pressure at depth

47. Divisions of the marine environment
Main divisions:
Pelagic (open sea)
Benthic (sea bottom)
Figure 12-19

48. Abundance of dissolved oxygen and nutrients with depth
Figure 12-20

49. By yourself:
Draw or describe a made up organism that can be found in the following zones:
Euphotic
Disphotic
Aphotic
Hadal
At least one must be benthic.
The following characteristics/strategies must be included: DSL, counter shading, chromatophores, camouflage, euro/stenothermal, euro/stenohaline, meroplanktonic.
List the common name of 4 benthic organisms within the classroom
List the common names of 3 organisms using camouflage & describe the camouflage.
When a fish is stressed it will often lose its color (bleaching) or become very dark to blend into the background. The cells responsible for this action are called ___________.

50. Collect the following data:
Salt Water Tanks Only: Water Hardness
DO - Phosphate
Turbidity - Salinity
Nitrate - Calcium
Nitrite
Ammonia pH
Temperature

51. In groups of no more than 3:
List the common name of 4 benthic organisms within the classroom
List the common names of 3 organisms using camouflage & describe the camouflage.
When a fish is stressed it will often lose its color (bleaching) or become very dark to blend into the background. The cells responsible for this action are called ___________.

52. In groups of no more than 3:
4. Using a microscope:
Create a sample from solution A
Observe the specimen under the ideal magnification & draw the organism.
Is this sample phytoplankton or zooplankton? Living in warm water or cold water? Explain.
Repeat the steps with sample B
5. Using a microscope:
Observe & draw the following samples under an ideal magnification: Planaria, Sea Urchin development, Marine Diatoms, Volvox, Spirogyra
Label each sample as: nektonic, planktonic, or benthic. Explain your reasoning.