1. (Chapter 10 continued) Our examples feature MySQL as the database engine. It's open source and free. It's fully featured. And it's platform independent for the most part. These examples and concepts carry over to other database systems. The DBI (database Interface) module provides the objects used in the program to connect to, prepare, and deliver SQL statements to the database engine. The DBD::mysql module handles the details of the connection behind the scenes. Connecting to a different database requires only a different DBD (Database Driver) module be installed.

2. Overview of Perl MySQL interface You construct SQL queries with the DBI module in a Perl program. The driver handles the connection details. Raw SQL is delivered to the database engine. Returned data is stored in a DBI object, which has methods for extracting the data.

3. Overview of objects provided by the DBI module. Database object: This is the object that holds the connection to the desired database. It works kind of like a file handle since it references the open database connection. For that reason, we will call this object the database handle. Query object: This object is created by calling a method of the database handle. It is through methods of this object that we are able to send SQL statements to the database system. Driver object: This object is seldom used. It is only used for performing administrative tasks, such as creating or destroying an entire database, which has nothing to do with SQL. Note that we are not talking about creating or destroying tables; which is done through SQL statements. We include this for completeness, and will not have occasion to use this object.

4. The following discussion assumes we have already imported the DBI module into the Perl program: use DBI; Connecting to a database: $dbhandle = DBI->connect("DBI:driver:databaseName", user, password); $dbhandle is reference to the database object created by this constructor. This statement assumes the MySQL daemon is running on the same computer as the Web server. Otherwise, more information such as the server address and port number is sent to the constructor.

5. Example: Connect to a MySQL database named store, where storeuser is the user name and pass is the password. $dbhandle = DBI-> connect("DBI:mysql:store","storeuser", "pass") or &errorPage(DBI->errstr()); The errstr() method returns a string containing useful error messages on failed connection attempts. Closing an open database connection is very similar in concept to closing an open file. $dbhandle -> disconnect();

6. Now assume we have an open $dbhandle. Using the query object: There are 4 steps in executing a SQL query using DBI. 1.Prepare the SQL statement. 2.Execute the SQL statement. 3.Fetch any returned results from the query object. This step is only necessary for SELECT queries. CREATE, INSERT, DELETE, and DROP queries don't return useful data. 4.Clear the query object.

7. 1. Preparing an SQL statement. $qObj = $dbhandle->prepare("SQL_statement_as_string"); $qObj is reference to a new query object. It it usually requires some work to build an SQL statement in a Perl program, so we typically store the SQL statement in a Perl variable such as $sql. $sql = [work to put together an SQL statement]; $qObj=$dbhandle->prepare($sql) or &errorPage($dbhandle->errstr()); Also, it is important to send descriptive preparation messages where you can see them during development.

8. One important issue when building SQL statements is that special characters like (' and %) are properly escaped in the data. The database object has a quote() method to handle that job for you. $sql = $dbhandle->quote("somestring");

9. Example: Building an SQL statement where the data comes from user input. This adds a row to some_table, which has only one column. $sql = "INSERT INTO some_table VALUES (". $dbhandle->quote($formHash{"someName"}). ")"; If you look at the resulting string, it is an SQL statement squashed into one line. "INSERT INTO some_table VALUES (someValue)" Here someValue would be the data submitted by the user and properly quoted using the quote() method.

10. 2. Executing the SQL statement. The result of the prepare() method of the database object is that the query object is constructed and the SQL statement is stored in the query object in some format. The execute() method of the query object takes that internally stored SQL statement and sends it to the database engine (with the help of the proper driver). $qObj->execute() or &errorPage($qObj->errstr()); Upon a successful execution, the query object contains data returned from the database query. Again, we are usually only concerned with the returned data when it is the result of a SELECT query which returns a sub-table of data..

11. 3. Fetching the results from the query object. The fetchrow_array() method returns one row at a time out of the query object, with the columns already split into an array. @first_row = $qObj->fetchrow_array(); You can fetch out one row at a time like this. But, often you need to iterate over the rows. while(@row = $qObj->fetchrow_array()) { do something with @row; }

12. A row can also be fetched as a hash using the fetchrow_hashref() method. $rowhashref = $qObj->fetchrow_hashref(); %row = %$rowhashref; As its name indicates, this method returns a scalar reference to a hash which is de-referenced into a hash variable. The hash contains one row of the returned sub-table. The keys are the column names (table keys).

13. For SQL statements that only change the table, such as UPDATE and DELETE, you can get a count of how many rows were affected using the rows() method. $number_changed = $qObj->rows(); When $qObj contains a sub-table returned from a SQL SELECT statement, the rows method works a bit differently. The query object only knows how many rows have been returned after all rows have been fetched out of the object. Presumably, the query object counts the rows as they are fetched out of the object. Fortunately, there is a simple trick to enable you to quickly determine the number of returned rows. $qObj->fetchall_arrayref(); $number_of_rows = $qObj->rows();

14. The fetchall_arrayref() method returns a scalar reference to a two dimensional array that contains the whole table, fetched out of the object. But that is not important, because we do not intend to use the array!! The important thing is that now the query object knows how many rows were returned. Note that if you want to re-fetch the rows, starting from the first, after the above code has executed, you must re-execute (step 2) thereby refreshing the query object with a newly returned sub-table.

15. 4. Clear the query object. $qObj->finish(); Omitting this step is usually not fatal. We will endeavor to remember this step as a matter of good programming practice.

16. Database Example: state table Like other state-keeping tools we have seen (our toolkit functions and the CGI::SecureState module), database utilities to handle state-keeping needs should: Generate long session IDs. Create state records (formerly state files) identified by a long ID. Police the state table (formerly file cache) so that it doesn't accumulate records without bound. Be able to read a state record (into a hash or hash-like format). Be able to overwrite (update) a state record. Be able to provide session timeouts.

17. Example state table keeping state records for the online quiz example from Chapter 7. Will use Perl's time function to set the age of a state record. The difference between the current value returned by time and the value in the state record will be the age of the record. The difference will be in seconds, due to the way time works. The states table would need to exist in advance and the Web application merely adds (and deletes) state records.

18. Signature for the database version of get_long_id : sub get_long_id_db { my ($dbhandle, $table_name, $cache_limit, $file_life_span) = @_; The $dbhandle (connection to the database)needs to exist in advance. The $table_name is analogous to the name of a state file directory. The $cache_limit works as before. We still give the $file_life_span is given in days. (We convert to seconds as needed in the function.)

19. Logic of get_long_id_db : See source file toolkit_db.pl Count the number of records in the table: SELECT an entire column and count the rows. If the number of rows exceeds the $cache_limit DELETE FROM $table_name WHERE … Again, count the number of records in the table. If the $cache_limit is still exceeded Deny session / warn server administrator Create a new state record with an ID and time stamp Return the ID Note: Before we created a state file with a call to write_state. Here, the state record needs to exist before we can do an SQL UPDATE to it with the new write_state_db function.