1. National Science Foundation & Air Force Office of Scientific Research The Maui/MALT Program: Probing the Atmosphere to the Edge of Space

2. Middle & upper atmosphere (30-120 km) most easily studied using Remote sensing techniques: lidar, radar, & airglow sensors Airglow & Meteoric Metal Layers Ozone Layer

3. Gravity waves excited in troposphere have profound Effect on middle atmosphere circulation & temperature Tides generated by solar absorption by water vapor & ozone Have large amplitudes in middle atmosphere Trace gases transported from troposphere & meteor deposition Impact middle atmosphere chemistry & long term temperatures

4. OH airglow results from reaction of atomic oxygen and hydrogen Carries signature of Wave perturbations H + O 3  OH * + O 2 O * and O 2 * emissions Also observed

6. 150 K 200 K 250 K fafa f-f- f+f+ fcfc fbfb f-f- f+f+ 150 K 200 K 250 K Na D 2 Backscatter Cross Section f+f+ fafa f-f-

7. f-f- f+f+ fafa f-f- Na D 2 Line Backscatter Cross Section 0 m/s 50 m/s 100 m/s fafa f-f- f+f+

8. CW Frequency-Doubled Nd:YVO 4 Laser 532 nm 4 W CW Ring Dye Laser 589 nm 0.5 W Na Vapor Cell Wavemeter Photo Detector Acoustic-Optic Frequency Shifter  630 MHz Optical Isolator Pulsed Dye Amplifier Pulsed Frequency-Doubled Nd:YAG Laser CW Injection Seeder Laser Pulsed 589 nm 1.5 W 1064 nm 5 mW 532 nm 15 W Na Wind/Temperature LIDAR

9. Lidar- Light Detection & Ranging Accuracy depends on photon count N P = laser power A = telescope area N~10 5 for  1 K &  1 m/s AEOS = 10.6 m 2

11. 1998 Leonids Shower @ Starfire Optical Range

12. 1998 Leonids Shower @ Starfire Optical Range

13. Na density profile of meteor trail shows evidence of wall structure Temperature of walls distinctly warmer where airglow brightest Evidence of chemical heating associated with excited OH, & O 2  z = 24 m  t = 10 s  z = 24 m  t = 10 s

14. Red = N 2 <0=Unstable

15. TOMEX

16. Rocket Launch - White Sands MR TOMEX NASA Lidar Winds

18. South Pole Lidar/Balloon Data MSIS-2000 Model

19. Maui/MALT * Investigators Airglow Imagery & Spectroscopy Mike Taylor, Utah State U Gary Swenson, U Illinois Mike Kelley, Cornell U Jim Hecht, Aerospace Corp Meteor Radar Steve Franke, U Illinois Wayne Hocking, U Western Ontario Na Wind/Temperature Lidar Chet Gardner, George Papen, Xinzhao Chu, U Illinois Rayleigh Temperature Lidar Tim Kane, Penn State U John Meriwether, Clemson U * 2 Year program funded jointly by NSF & AFOSR

20. Barking Sands Rocket Range AMOS Mauna Loa

21. Maui/MALT Na Lidar First Light 09 Jan 02

22. Scientific Research Goals Develop instrument capabilities to measure atmospheric Temperature and winds from surface to edge of space (110 km) Characterize generation, propagation, and dissipation of gravity waves From troposphere through mesosphere Develop models for predicting winds & temperature at all levels (flight ops) Determine relationship between breaking gravity waves, tides, And clear air turbulence (imaging, flight ops, directed energy weapons) Determine influence of waves and tides on structure and brightness Of infrared airglow layers (surveillance, imaging, missile defense) Characterize and model diurnal and seasonal variations of Na layer (laser guided adaptive imaging, surveillance, directed energy weapons) Research Goals Related to Air Force Needs