1. Econometric Modelling

2. Introduction
To examine some econometric results from various financial models
To use the results to determine levels of significance of the variables and whether the results fit the theory
To use the results for testing specific restrictions.
Suggest some potential problems when assessing model results

3. Carrying out a regression
Set out the model/theory, including expected signs and magnitudes of the coefficients
Gather data
Estimate the model using a relevant technique
Interpret results, assess diagnostic tests.
If model fails the diagnostic tests, respecify model

4. Stock price return Model
Given the following model, We wish to obtain estimates of the constant and slope coefficients:

5. Variables

6. Estimation
We would estimate this model using ordinary least squares (OLS), although as we will find out later other methods may be more appropriate.
The model is estimated using monthly data from 2000m1 to 2005 m12.
This gives 6 years of data producing 72 observations.

7. Results

8. Coefficients
The signs on the coefficients are as we hypothesised with the possible exception of p.
However as this variable is insignificant, the sign is of less importance.
For y, a unit rise in y gives a 0.8 of a unit rise in the dependent variable s(t). For p, a unit rise in p gives a 0.2 of a unit rise in s(t) etc.

9. T-statistics
Firstly test if the 4 variables are individually different to 0, using the t-test (we usually ignore the constant)
E.g. y: 0.8-0/0.2=4
Critical value is (5%) (72-5 degrees of freedom, 60 d of f is nearest in tables)
As 4>2 we reject the null hypothesis that y=0, therefore y is said to be significantly different to 0.
The t-statistics for p: 1, i: 10 and rp:2.333, we conclude that y, i and rp are significant and p is insignificant.
This result would suggest we might consider removing p from our model.

10. R-squared
The adjusted R-squared statistic is 0.58, which is relatively good explanatory power.
The F-test for the significance of the goodness of fit is 25. The critical value for F(4,67) is 2.53 (5%).
As 25 > 2.53, the goodness of fit of the regression is significant, or the joint explanatory power of the variables is significantly different to 0.

11. DW statistic
We first need to find the dl and du values from the tables. As k is 4 and we have 72 observations, the critical values are: dl-1.49 and du 1.74.
The DW statistic is 1.84, which is between du (1.74) and 4-du (2.26), so we accept the null hypothesis of no 1st order autocorrelation.

12. LM test for higher autocorrelation
Given that we have monthly data, we test for 12th order autocorrelation.
The critical value for chi-squared (12) is
As the LM statistic is 12.8 < , we accept the null hypothesis of no 12th order autocorrelation

13. White’s test for heteroskedasticity
This follows a chi-squared distribution with 14 degrees of freedom (including cross product terms)
The critical value with 14 degrees of freedom is: using the chi-squared tables
As 15.2 < , we accept the null hypothesis that there is no heteroskedasticity.

14. Market Model
According to the market model, the return on an asset is determined by a constant and the return to the market index.

15. Market Model
As before we would wish to run an OLS regression, then interpret the coefficient, t-statistics and various diagnostic tests for autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity.
In this model we would expect β > 0, the closer to 1, the closer asset i follows the market index.
If we have 100 days of daily data for the regression, we get the following result:

16. Market Model

17. Market Model
The result shows that a unit rise in the market produces a 0.9 of a unit rise in asset i. This suggests this asset closely follows the market and would be considered safe.
The t-statistic shows that the market index is significant, 0.9-0/0.1=9. critical value is As 9 > 1.98, we reject the null hypothesis and say that the market has a significant effect on asset i.
The usual diagnostic tests would have been produced and interpreted as before.

18. The Market-Adjusted-Returns-Model
Based on the original model, termed the market model, we can test a restriction using the t-test to determine if the model we have is an alternative specification, termed the market-adjusted-returns model.

19. Test This model implies the following: β=1
We can use a t-test to determine if this condition holds.

20. Test A t-test can also be used to determine if β = 1.
The critical value is the same as before, the test is:

21. Test
As 1< 2 (ignore the sign the t-statistic is an absolute value), we fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the market adjusted model applies.
In this case the hypothesis is:

22. F-test of a restriction
The main use of this F-test is to determine if a group of explanatory variables are jointly equal to 0.
However we can test alternative theories or restrictions
The most common restriction is that 2 or more explanatory variables sum to 1.
The best example of this is the Cobb-Douglas production function.

23. Cobb-Douglas Production Function
This model suggests that output is a function of capital and labour, in logarithmic form it can be expressed as:

24. Restriction
We can then test if constant returns to scale applies by testing the restriction that the coefficients on the capital and labour coefficients sum to 1.
Constant returns to scale are a proportionate increase in all inputs produces a proportionate increase in outputs.
This allows us to rewrite the Cobb-Douglas production function in terms of output per unit of labour (divide through by l)

25. Test for Constant Returns to Scale
Run the regression in its unrestricted form with both explanatory variables (k and l)
Collect the RSS (unrestricted)
Run the following restricted version, with constant returns to scale and again collect the RSS (restricted), then use the formula used previously (see over)

26. Test for constant returns to scale Cont..

27. Test for constant returns to scale….
If we get a RSS (unrestricted) of 1.2 and a RSS (restricted) of 1.4 and we have 60 observations. We would get an F statistic of:

28. Constant returns to scale…
We would reject the null hypothesis of constant returns to scale, therefore we would use the unrestricted model with capital and labour included separately. The null hypothesis is:

29. Conclusion
When running an OLS regression, we need to assess the coefficients, t-statistics and diagnostic tests.
We can also use the t-statistic to determine if a coefficient equals 1.
The F-test can also be used to test a specific restriction in a model.