1. Emotions and Cognition  Emotions consist of 3 components 1.Physiological Changes – These changes are not conscious 2.Subjective feeling 3.Associated behaviour Emotions serve as a guide to evaluate the importance of certain situations p. 88

2. Biological factors of emotions  James-Lange Theory of Emotion (1880’s)  Proposed that bodily changes come first and form the basis of an emotional experience.  You become happier when you smile  You are afraid because you run  Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion (1927)  Changes of emotional state and changes in autonomic nervous system occur simultaneously but independently  Both are caused by the arrival of the same sensory input at the thalamus

3. Biological factors of emotions  Role of brain structures cont.  LeDoux’s modified limbic theory (1995)  2 separate brain circuits involved in emotion  Rapid emotional response= thalamus-amygdala  Slower emotional response= thalamus-cortex, affected by higher mental processes The limbic system is a network of structures in the forebrain, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex. The limbic system and hypothalamus stimulate the production of adrenaline, which arouses ANS, which creates a physiological response and a behavioural response in readiness to deal with the stimulus.

4. Some combined approaches to Emotions Schachter & Singer (1962)  Two Factor Theory (TFT)  All emotional experiences are preceded by a generalized state of arousal  The nature of the subjective experience is determined (“labeled”) by the individual’s cognitive assessment based on external, situational cues or internal ones such as imagination

5. Evaluation of Cognitive labelling theory Positive  This view can explain how emotions are learned, as an emotional label is derived from previous experiences of emotion in similar situations Negative  You can have an emotional response with no cognitive awareness (perceptual defense)

6. Some combined approaches to Emotions  Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Lazarus 1991)  Extension of cognitive labeling  The experience of emotion is related to how one appraises it

7. Cooperative Activity, yo! You will work in groups of 4 students. You should turn to page 89, and use the handout.  In your group you will have to investigate the following theories: 1.LeDoux’s Model of Biological Pathways of Emotion in the Brain 2.Cognitive Appraisal Theory 3.Flashbulb Memory  Include research with your theories