1. Neuroanatomy
Functional circuits in the brain

2. Contralateral – opposite side Ipsilateral – same side
Two Hemispheres
Contralateral – opposite side
Ipsilateral – same side

3. Contralateral connections with the visual cortex
Ipsilateral connections to the olfactory bulbs
Optic Chiasm
Contralateral connections with the visual cortex

4. Diencephalon
Thalamus

5. Thalamus
The gateway of all senses (except smell)

6. GATE Thalamus Lateral Geniculate Nucleus – LGN - Visual
Medial Geniculate Nucleus – MGN - Auditory
Ventral Geniculate Nucleus – Somatosensory
GATE
Selective attention
Sleep

7. 03-18
Primary
secondary
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8. Primary visual cortex
Primary auditory cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex
Primary motor cortex

9. 05-07
Primary Visual Cortex
Calcarine sulcus
Retinotopic
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10. Primary Auditory Cortex
Heschl's gyrus (transverse temporal gyrus)
Tonotopic

11. Somatosensory cortex (pre and post central gyrus)

12. p.65

13. Homunculus
Homunculus

14. Premotor Cortex (“secondary” motor cortex)
Lateral
Planning/Intention to move to external cue.
Cells fire before movement starts
Medial
Intention to move based on
Internal cues

15. 03-18
Association Areas
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16. Two Hemispheres Contralateral – opposite side Ipsilateral – same side
Left Hemisphere –
Input from the right side
Right Hemisphere –
Input from the left side
Contralateral – opposite side
Ipsilateral – same side

17. Two Hemispheres symmetric?
Small anatomical asymmetries

18. Functional Asymmetries
Handedness (motor)

19. Hemispheric Asymmetries
Handedness (motor)
Language

20. 09-24b
Language
Inferior prefrontal cortex
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21. Broca’s Area

22. Language areas In the left hemisphere
09-25
Language areas
In the left hemisphere
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23. But prosody (happy vs sad voice) In the right hemisphere
10-20
Dichotic Listening Task
But prosody (happy vs sad voice)
In the right hemisphere

24. 10-21

25. Hemispheric Asymmetries
Handedness (motor)
Language
Visual-spatial

26. Global vs local Visual Perception
10-19
Global vs local Visual Perception

27. Global vs local Visual Perception
10-19
Global vs local Visual Perception

28. Corpus Callosum connects the two hemispheres

29. Split Brain Syndrome Visual system Contralateral Roger Sperry
Nobel 1981

30. Split Brain Syndrome Roger Sperry
Nobel 1981
Left hemisphere – is the talking hemisphere

31. Superior parietal cortex Allocation of visual attention
Unilateral parietal damage
Neglect

32. Unilateral parietal damage
Neglect
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33. Standard assessment of unilateral neglect
1. Line cancellation task
2. Line bisection task
3. Object drawings

34. Limbic System Limbic Cortex Hippocampus Amygdala Mammillary Bodies
Fornix

35. Limbic System

36. Amygdala Fear Conditioning Light + Shock Light only
Damage to the amygdala – no fear conditioning

37. Fear Conditioning in humans
+ shock
Amygdala
Important for emotional learning
Not emotional response per se
Is it only for fear?

38. Patients with Amygdala damage Impaired perception of fear

39. also if subliminal Strong Amygdala activation to fearful faces
fMRI – amygdala activation

40. Limbic System

41. Hippocampus
Memory

42. Patient H.M Hippocampus Surgically removed
Anterograde Amnesia (some retrograde too)
episodic memories

43. 08-40
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44. Hippocampus
Memory
Episodic memory
Consolidation
Association

45. Amygdala damage – no fear conditioning but intact episodic memory
13-13
Dissociation between Amygdala and hippocampus
Amygdala damage – no fear conditioning but intact episodic memory
Hippocampus damage – normal fear conditioning but no episodic memory of the event
W. W. Norton

46. Hippocampus Volume Alzheimer’s disease

47. Hippocampus of London taxi drivers
Posterior hippocampus – important for navigation