2. Chapter 6 Section 1 Pg.16 Industrialization Spreads

3. Key factors for Industrialization Location/Geography Natural resources Large supply workers Investors Financial systems (banks, loans) Political stability

4. New Industrial Powers Emerge European countries and the United States race to industrialize. They had more natural resources – Coal – Iron Germany and the U.S. become industrial powers

5. Industrial Development in U.S. U.S. - same resources as Britain but more Northeast industrializes first Entrepreneurs eager to invest Corporations - owned by stockholders; goal is profit

6. Continental Europe Germany – pockets of industrialization (spread out) Railroads become key factor for industrialization Imported British equipment & engineers (1830’s) Children sent to British schools

7. Technology and Industrial Growth Companies begin to hire chemists and engineers to create new products Steel production increases – American inventor Henry Bessemer Electric Power

8. New Methods of production Interchangable parts – Identical components that can be used in place of one another – Simplified both the assembly and repair of products Assembly line – Workers add parts to a product that moves along a belt from one station to the next. – Faster, cheaper and more efficient production of goods

9. Transportation and Communication Automobile – aka “Horseless Carriages” – Ford takes the lead in 1900’s – makes U.S. leader in automobile industry Airplanes – 1903 – Orville and Wilbur Wright design first plane Telephone – 1901 – Alexander Graham Bell (American) patented first phone The Wright 1903 Flyer

10. Improvements in Hospitals 1840’s – anesthetic is used to relieve pain during surgery Florence Nightingale improves sanitation and hygiene. Joseph Lister – discovered how antiseptics prevented infection Medicine Contributes to population growth improved nutrition, public sanitation and medical advances

11. City Life Changes Skyscrapers are built for businesses (American invention) Streets become cleaner Urban renewal – rebuilding of poor areas of a city. – Paved streets – Gas lamps, then electric lights were used to illuminate streets – Sewage systems were made Slums remained – poorest families still forced to live in over-crowded and poorly kept tenements

12. A New Social Order Upper middle class – wealthy business owners and old aristocrats Middle Class – mid-level business people, doctors, and scientists – begins growing rapidly Lower class – unskilled workers and peasants. Strict rules of etiquette governed… How people dressed How to give dinner parties How to pay a social call When to write letters How long to morn relatives cult of domesticity – Idealized women and the home Women seen as tender, self- sacrificing caregiver Provides a good home Three Social Classes Middle Class Tastes and Values

13. Women’s Rights Women want: Fairness in marriage divorce, Property laws Temperance laws Voting rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Advocated the end of slavery Eventually turned their attention to women's rights. Early Voices

14. Social Darwinism & Racism Social Darwinism Social thinkers applied Darwin's ideas to society “Survival of the Fittest” Only the strong are meant to lead The most industrialized and powerful countries are meant to control the world Might = Right Racism Unscientific belief that one racial group is superior to another People claimed that the success of western civilization was due to the supremacy of the white race.

15. Freidrich: Cloister Graveyard in the Snow (1810)

16. Romanticism Defined Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment/Industrial Rev. A movement in art and ideas A turn from reason to emotion Deep interest in feelings, nature, gothic horror, folk traditions

17. Freidrich: Cloister Graveyard in the Snow (1810)

18. Freidrich: Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon (1830-1835)

19. Goya: The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters

20. Goya

21. Romantic Literature Myths, legends, & Fairy Tales – Often dark; castles; nationalism – Grimm Brothers’ Fairy Tales Gothic Horror – supernatural, violent, emotional – Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein

22. Realism: a reaction to Romanticism

23. Corot:

24. Millet: The Gleaners

25. Realism Defined Represented in art and literature Showed life as it is (Charles Dickens) Interest in science and scientific method – objective observation; reporting the facts Photography – captured the “real world”

26. Sixth-plate daguerreotype by Richard Lowe of Cheltenham 1850’s http://www.daguerre.org/gallery/hannavy/1h an.html