1. Europe in the Middle Ages 500-1000 Early Middle Ages (Stagnation and the status quo) 1000-1350 High Middle Ages (Growth returns) http:// christ deser t.org/i mage s/Au dio/1- alma. au Click link for Chant

2. Development of feudalism: What is Feudalism? A decentralized social and political order formed for reasons of protection. Why Feudalism? Serfs paying their lord. The Granger Collection, New York

3. Early Middle Ages Germanic kings unified kingdoms Blend of Roman, Christian & Germanic societies created base for new European culture Rise of the Franks – from Danube to Pyrenees –Carolingians became the dominant family Charles Martel

4. Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) Frankish “King” won the Battle of Tours in 732, –saved Europe from the Islamic expansionism that had conquered Iberia. A brilliant general, he is considered the forefather of western heavy cavalry, chivalry –a catalyst for the feudal system His son Pepin crowned by pope as king of the Franks Formed an alliance with the pope

5. Charlemagne (~742-814)(Charles the Great) Son of Charles Pepin Establishes Carolingian empire – based on comitatus (king works in consultation with warriors) Attempts to rebuild “Roman” Empire –Strong administration – secular + religious –Revives art and culture Focus of Europe shifts North Saves the Pope (Leo III) and is rewarded with the title “Holy Roman Emperor” (Power shift from Constantinople to Northern Europe) reforms: monetary, governmental, military, cultural, educational and ecclesiastical (He outlawed “whoring, drunkenness, and covetousness” among the nuns and converted the Saxons.) After his death roads degrade and villas turn to castles.

7. Society: Lords and Vassals Complicated relationships Chivalry fief Jews

8. hate you I have fiefs I have manors I have debt I have Disease

9. Role of the church in society Stability Investiture Regular clergy (monks and nuns who follow strict rules) (separation) Secular clergy (Bishops and Cardinals who were not trained as priests)

10. Economy: Serfdom and Manorialism

11. Invasion and Migration Vikings –Seamen and warriors –Why migrate –Technology –Convert to Christianity –Places of settlement Magyars Muslims Led to rise of regional lords Feudalism & manorialism grow

12. Central & Late Middle Ages Commercial expansion & economic growth National monarchies developed bureaucracies that challenged vassal localism

13. High Middle Ages social change –rising middle class –Guilds – led to governance of towns –guilds and women economics –agricultural growth (new tech, techniques, lands and crops) –population growth –urbanization –Trade –Hanseatic League

14. Northern Europe in 1400, showing the extent of the Hansa

15. Cultural development Literacy increased – intellectual speculation spurred new ideas development of schools and universities from Cathedrals diffusion of learning from Byzantines and Muslims Urban centers patronized arts –Sicily & Reconquista of Iberia –Military-Religious orders Conversion of Scandinavia and Baltic to Christianity Oxford University

16. Crusaders to retake Holy Land –Motives –A successful failure –consequences