1. T HE E ARLY M IDDLE A GES From the fall of Rome to the Crusades…

2. W ESTERN E UROPE IN D ECLINE The Roman Empire included much of Western Europe. After Rome’s fall, Western Europe began to decline socially, economically, and politically. The period from 500 A.D.-1000 A.D. is referred to as the Dark Ages. Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions began to blend. This assimilation created medieval civilization.

3. T HE R ISE OF THE G ERMANIC K INGDOMS Germanic tribes such as the Goths, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks conquered parts of the Roman Empire from 400 A.D.-700 A.D. They were mainly farmers and herders. Lived in small communities and governed themselves with unwritten laws. Kings were elected by tribal councils. Warriors swore loyalty to the king in exchange for weapons and a share of the loot from raids.

4. Clovis, King of the Franks In 486 A.D. Clovis conquered Gaul (France). He ruled with Frankish customs, but preserved some Roman practices. He converted to Christianity and won the support of the Pope in Rome. Muslims Threaten Europe Islam began in Arabia during the 600s. Christian leaders became worried about the spread of Islam from Palestine, to North Africa, and into Spain. Charles Martel led the Christian Franks to victory against invading Muslims in the Battle of Tours.

5. C HARLEMAGNE In 768 A.D., the grandson of Charles Martel became king of the Franks. His empire included France, Germany, and part of Italy He took the name Charlemagne which means Charles the Great. Most of his 46 years in power were spent repelling invaders and uniting the former Roman Empire.

6. C HARLEMAGNE AND H IS E MPIRE

7. C HARLEMAGNE ( CONT.) In 799 A.D., Pope Leo III asked Charlemagne to defeat rebellious nobles in Rome. Charlemagne defeated the nobles and was crowned Emperor of Rome. This act created a united Christian community in Europe. It also set the stage for disagreements between future German kings and popes. The leader of the eastern Roman Empire was outraged, resulting in a bigger split between Christianity in the east and west.

8. P OPE L EO III C ROWNING C HARLEMAGNE E MPEROR OF R OME

9. C HARLEMAGNE (C ONT.) Nobles were chosen to serve as local leaders. Education was viewed by Charlemagne as a way to further unify his kingdom. He reestablished Latin learning and encouraged the creation of local schools. Following his death in 814 A.D., Charlemagne’s sons fought one another for power. In 843,Charlemagne’s grandsons created the Treaty of Verdun which split the empire into 3 parts.

10. I NVASION In the late 700s the Vikings from Scandinavia began to invade coastal towns in Europe. Skilled sailors and explorers. Discovered North America Settled with local peoples in England, northern France, Ireland, and parts of Russia. Around 900 A.D. the Magyars settled in present day Hungary. They overran Germany, France, and Italy, but were pushed back.

11. MAGYARS MUSLIMS VIKINGS

12. E ARLY C ASTLES Alfred the Great of England starts building them

13. L ATE M EDIEVAL CASTLES

14. T HE D EAL A New Social Order: Feudalism In 911, two former enemies faced each other in a peace ceremony. Rollo was the head of a Viking army. Rollo and his men had been plundering the rich Seine (sehn) River valley for years. Charles the Simple was the king of France but held little power. Charles granted the Viking leader a huge piece of French territory. It became known as Northmen’s land, or Normandy. In return, Rollo swore a pledge of loyalty to the king. What did Rollo get? What did Charles get? Explain how the deal between Rollo and Charles the Simple led to Feudalism. How could this kind of deal lead to future problems?

15. F EUDAL P YRAMID

16. W HAT WORDS DO YOU THINK OF ?

17. T HE M ANOR 1. Manor House The dwelling place of the lord 2. Village Church Site of both religious services and public meetings 3. Peasant Cottages Where the peasants lived 4. Lord’s Demesne Fields owned by the lord and worked by the peasants 5. Peasant Crofts Gardens that belonged to the peasants 6. Mill Water-powered mill for grinding grain 7. Common Pasture Common area for grazing animals 8. Woodland Forests provided wood for fuel.

18. S UCKS TO BE YOU ( A SERF ): T HE ECONOMICS OF FEUDALISM What did the lord provide the serf? Housing – Small 2 room dirt floor. Children rarely survived past infancy farmland – If children did survive they worked the fields as soon as possible (no education) protection from bandits. What did the serf have to give the lord in return? Tax at the mill Tax to get Married (and only if the lord agreed) Tax to the church –Tithe- (10%) A portion of the grain crop Work the lords land 3 days a week

19. S UCKS TO BE YOU ( A SERF ): T HE ECONOMICS OF FEUDALISM Why did serfs rarely leave the manor? The manor was a self-sufficient Why did the manorial system possibly develop this way? (2 major reasons) What was the life expectancy for a serf? 35 years old was an old man. Serfs made up 90% of the population of Europe Why so young?

20. R EVIEW What is the 1 st major kingdom after the fall of Rome? Frankish Who are the first 2 rulers of this kingdom? Clovis & Charles Martel This kingdom gets another new name, what is it? Holy Roman Empire Who is the 1 st Holy Roman Emperor? Charlemagne What happens to HRE after Charlemagne’s death? Split up between sons What causes the breakdown of large kingdoms (not just HRE)? Vikings What new system of government and society comes about because of the Vikings? Feudalism

21. M ORE R EVIEW What was exchanged for loyalty under feudalism? Land or protection Who was at the top of the Feudal Pyramid? King Next? Nobles What is this guys job? What were the large estate farms or small kingdoms that people lived on? Manors Who does it suck to be during the Middle Ages? Serf (or everyone)

22. N OW W HAT ? Viking raids stop either because of fortifications of castles or they have conquered and stayed (England) 90% of male population in Most of British Isle has been driven off or killed by Viking invaders (Angles & Saxons) So much that you are reading this language right now! Well, no more Vikings to fight….. How about each other The Pope – only central authority figure must find a way to keep catholic Europe from killing each other. What does he need?