1. The Wars of Religion (1560s-1648)
Ms Pojer & Miss Raia

2. Hapsburg – Valois Wars
Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559: ends Habsburg Valois Wars (last purely dynastic wars)
France kept Holy Roman Empire from gaining hegemony in Germany, inadvertently helping Lutheranism to spread

3. Overview
From 1560 to 1648 wars would be fought largely over religious issues
Spain sought to squash Protestantism in Western Europe and the spread of Islam in the Mediterranean
French Catholics sought to re-impose Catholicism in Germany
The Calvinist Netherlands sought to break away from Spanish rule
A civil war occurred in England between Puritans and Anglicans

4. Spain’s Catholic Crusade
Fanatically seeks to re-impose Catholicism in Europe
Spain waged a war against the Turks in the Mediterranean to secure the region for Christian merchants.
Battle of Lepanto: Spain defeated Turkish navy off coast of Greece (reminiscent of earlier Christian Crusades)
Under Philip II we have the Golden Age of Spain
Escorial: new royal palace (and monastery and mausoleum) in shape of grill

5. El Escorial – 26 miles NW of Madrid

6. The Escorial

7. The Town of Escorial [30 km. Northeast of Madrid]

8. El Escorial Statistics
15 cloisters
16 courts
14 entrance halls
13 oratory
300 cells
86 stairways
9 towers
9 pipe organs
232 chorus books
73 statues
More than 1,600 scenes
11 cisterns
88 fountains
2,673 windows
1,200 doors

9. The Monastery of San Lorenzo

10. The Escorial Palace

11. A Section of the Monastery & Gardens
one of the largest religious establishments in the world.

12. The Monastery Gardens: Close-Up

13. The View of the Countryside from the Monastery Area

14. Philip II [r – 1598]

15. Philip II & “Bloody” Mary Tudor

16. The Library Inside the Monastery
4,700 manuscripts [many illuminated].
40,000 printed books.

17. Philip II’s Chapel

18. Stairwell Inside the Escorial

19. Ceiling Inside the Escorial

20. A Main Corridor Inside the Escorial

21. The Escorial’s Library
Over 4,700 rare manuscripts.
Many illuminated manuscripts.
Over 45,000 books.

22. Philip II Died in this Bed

23. The Crypt Area

24. The Crypt of Philip II

25. The Dutch Revolt
William I (William of Orange) ( ) led 17 provinces against the Spanish Inquisition
Philip sought to crush the rise of Calvinism in the Netherlands
The United Provinces of the Netherlands formed in 1581 (Dutch Republic)
Received aid from Elizabeth I – HUGE BLOW to Philip
The Dutch closing of the Scheldt River resulted I n the demise of Antwerp as Europe’s Commercial center and the rise of Amsterdam.

26. Spain vs England
Queen Mary Tudor (Philip’s wife) re-imposes Catholicism in England
Queen Elizabeth I reverses Mary’s edict via the “Elizabethan Settlement”, Act of Uniformity.
Elizabeth helps Protestant Netherlands gain independence from Spain
Spanish Armada, 1588: Philip sought revenge for England’s support for the Dutch as well as hoping to make England Catholic again

27. The Invasion Spain's attempt to crush Protestant England
Much of Spain’s navy lay in ruins due to a raging storm in the English Channel as well as the effectiveness of England’s smaller but better built navy.
Signaled the rise of England as a naval power
Adds to the decline of Spain in the end of its Golden Age.

28. Civil War
In France
( )

29. The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End
Henri II was the last powerful Valois
Three weak sons followed:
Francis II
Charles IX
Henri III
Catherine de Medici controlled the sons:
Was mother to the boys
Played both sides in the civil war
Developed a reputation for cruelty

30. Catherine de Medici

31. Francis II & His Wife, Mary Stuart

32. The French Civil War There were two sides:
Guise family led Catholics in North
Bourbon family led Huguenots in South
Fighting for the royal inheritance
Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24, 1572
20,000 Huguenots were killed
Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived
Initiated the War of the Three Henrys – a civil war between Valois, Guise and Bourbons (a Huguenot faction)

33. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

34. The French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.
Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.
Effects of Civil War:
France was left divided by religion
Royal power had weakened
Valois family now replaced by Bourbons
Catholic League
CIVIL WAR
Protestant Union

35. Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul Reubens

36. Henry IV of France Ended Spanish interference in France
Converted to Catholicism :
Did this to compromise and make peace
Paris is worth a mass.
This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Fighting for the royal inheritance
Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598:
Granted religious rights to Huguenots
Did not grant religious freedom for all

37. The Thirty Years
War ( )

39. Characteristics of the Thirty Years War
The Holy Roman Empire was the battleground.
At the beginning  it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants.
At the end  it was Habsburg power that was threatened.
Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

40. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia.
The Bohemians hated him.
Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants.
Defenestration of Prague May, 1618
Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II.

41. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria.
Frederick lost his lands in the fighting.
The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others.

42. Bohemian Phase

43. The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance.
Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire.
Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army.
Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north.
Edict of Restitution (1629):
Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552.
Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights.
German princes feared Ferdinand  he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them.

44. Danish Phase

45. Albrecht von Wallenstein

46. The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 France & Sweden now get involved.
Both want to stop Habsburg power.
Sweden led the charge.
France provided support.
Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire.
Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein.
Swedish advance was stopped.
German princes still feared Ferdinand II.
Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

47. Swedish Phase

48. Gustavus Adolphus

49. The French Phase: 1635-1648 France & Sweden switched roles.
All countries in Europe now participated.
This phase was most destructive!
German towns decimated.
Agriculture collapsed  famine resulted.
8 million dead  1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648]
Caused massive inflation.
Trade was crippled throughout Europe.

50. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

51. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Political Provisions:
Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor.
The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent  so. part remained a Sp. possession.
Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace.
Sweden  got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts.
Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor  Swiss Confederation.
Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp.
Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany.

52. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Religious Provisions:
Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg.
The ruler of each state could determine its official religion, BUT [except in the hereditary lands of the Habsburgs], he must permit freedom of private worship.

53. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

55. Nobody Was Happy! Many Protestants felt betrayed.
The pope denounced it.
Only merit  it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!
For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

56. What were the long-range effects of the Thirty Years’ War?