1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu How to Use This Presentation To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Image and Math Focus Bank Bellringers Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Flow of Fresh Water Section 1 The Active River Section 2 Stream and River Deposits Section 3 Water Underground Section 4 Using Water Wisely Chapter 11 Table of Contents

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Bellringer Discuss whether a river can be said to have a source and describe what a river’s source might look like. Chapter 11

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 Describe how moving water shapes the surface of the Earth by the process of erosion. Explain how water moves through the water cycle. Describe a watershed. Explain three factors that affect the rate of stream erosion. Identify four ways that rivers are described. Objectives

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 Rivers: Agents of Erosion What Is Erosion? Erosion is the process by which soil and sediment are transported from one location to another. Water and Erosion Water is a major agent of erosion. Rivers often carry eroded materials long distances.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 The Water Cycle What Is the Water Cycle? The water cycle is the continuous movement of Earth’s water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean. Powering the Water Cycle The water cycle is driven by energy from the sun.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 Water Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 River Systems Tributaries A stream that flows into a lake or into a larger stream is called a tributary. Watersheds A watershed, or drainage basin, is the area of land that is drained by a water system.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 Tributary, River System, and Drainage Basin Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 Stream Erosion Gradient Gradient is the measure of the change in elevation over a certain distance. Discharge The amount of water that a stream or river carries in a given amount of time is called discharge. Load The materials carried by a stream are called the stream’s load.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 Gradient Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 Discharge Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 Types of Load Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 The Stages of a River Youthful Rivers A youthful river erodes its channel deeper rather than wider. Mature Rivers A mature river erodes its channel wider rather than deeper.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The Active River Chapter 11 The Stages of a River, continued Old Rivers An old river has a low gradient and little erosive energy. Rejuvenated Rivers Rejuvenated rivers are found where the land is raised by tectonic activity.

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Stream and River Deposits Bellringer Even though flooding along rivers is potentially harmful, many farms are located near rivers. Why do people build farms along rivers? Record your answers in your science journal. Chapter 11

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Section 2 Stream and River Deposits Chapter 11 Describe the four different types of stream deposits. Describe how the deposition of sediment affects the land. Objectives

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Stream and River Deposits Chapter 11 Deposition in Water Placer Deposits Heavy minerals are sometimes deposited at places in a river where the current slows down. This kind of sediment is called a placer deposit. Delta As its current slows, a river often deposits its load in a fan-shaped pattern called a delta.

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Stream and River Deposits Chapter 11 Deposition on Land Floodplains The area along a river that forms from sediment deposited when a river overflows its banks is called a floodplain. Flooding Dangers Floods can damage property and cause a loss of lives. Dams and levees are often used to prevent flooding.

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Bellringer A family lives 50 km from the nearest stream or lake and gets water from a well. Where does the water in the well come from? Chapter 11

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 Identify and describe the location of the water table. Describe an aquifer. Explain the difference between a spring and a well. Explain how caves and sinkholes form as a result of erosion and deposition. Objectives

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 The Location of Groundwater The Water Table The zone of aeration and the zone of saturation meet at a boundary known as the water table.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 11 Section 3 Water Underground

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 Aquifers Porosity The percentage of open space between individual rocks is called porosity. Permeability A rock’s ability to let water pass through is called permeability.

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 Permeable and Impermeable Rocks Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 Aquifers, continued Aquifer Geology and Geography The best aquifers usually form in permeable materials. Recharge Zones The ground surface where water enters an aquifer is called the recharge zone.

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 11 Section 3 Water Underground

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 Springs and Wells Artesian Springs An artesian spring is a spring whose water flows from a crack in the cap rock of an aquifer. Wells A human-made hole that is deeper than the level of the water table is called a well.

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 Aquifers and Artesian Springs Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 Well Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water Underground Chapter 11 Underground Erosion and Deposition Cave Formations Although caves are formed by erosion, they also so signs of deposition, such as stalagmites. Sinkholes The roof of a cave can collapse, which leaves a circular depression called a sinkhole.

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Using Water Wisely Bellringer While hiking, you realize your canteen is almost empty. Why should you not fill the canteen with water from a nearby stream? Record your response in your science journal. Chapter 11

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Using Water Wisely Chapter 11 Identify two forms of water pollution. Explain how the properties of water influence the health of a water system. Describe two ways that wastewater can be treated. Describe how water is used and how water can be conserved in industry, in agriculture, and at home. Objectives

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Using Water Wisely Chapter 11 Water Pollution What Is Pollution? Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment. Point-Source and Nonpoint-Source Pollution Pollution that comes from one specific site is called point-source pollution. Nonpoint-source pollution is pollution that comes from many sources.

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Using Water Wisely Chapter 11 Point-Source and Nonpoint-Source Pollution Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Using Water Wisely Chapter 11 Health of a Water System Dissolved Oxygen Fish and other organisms that live in water need dissolved oxygen in the water to live. Nitrates Elevated nitrate levels in water can be harmful to organisms because they lower the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. Alkalinity Alkalinity refers to water’s ability to neutralize acid. Acid rain can lower water’s alkalinity.

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Using Water Wisely Chapter 11 Cleaning Polluted Water Primary Treatment In primary treatment, dirty water is passed through a large screen to catch solid objects. Secondary Treatment In secondary treatment, the water is sent to an aeration tank, where it is mixed with oxygen and bacteria. Another Way to Clean Wastewater A septic tank is a large underground tank that cleans wastewater from a household.

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 11 Sewage Treatment Plant Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept Section 4 Using Water Wisely

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Using Water Wisely Chapter 11 Where the Water Goes Water in Industry About 19% of water used in the world is used for industrial purposes. Water in Agriculture Water must be used in agriculture to facilitate plant growth. Conserving Water at Home Many people save water by installing low-flow shower heads and low-flush toilets.

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Using Water Wisely Chapter 11 How Do You Use Water? The average household in the United States uses about 100 gal of water per day. This circle graph shows some common uses of these 100 gal.

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Flow of Fresh Water Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. Chapter 11 zone of aeration zone of saturation water table ground water surface water porosity aquifer

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Flow of Fresh Water Chapter 11

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Flow of Fresh Water Chapter 11

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu End of Chapter 11 Show

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1 In parts of Yellowstone National Park, boiling water from deep in the ground blasts into the sky. These blasts of steam come from lakes of strange- colored boiling mud that gurgle and hiss. These features are called geysers. Yellowstone’s most popular geyser is named Old Faithful. It is given this name because it erupts every 60 min to 70 min without fail. A geyser is formed when a narrow vent connects one or more underground chambers to Earth’s surface. Continued on the next slide Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 1, continued These underground chambers are heated by nearby molten rock. As underground water flows into the vent and chambers, it is heated above 100°C. This superheated water quickly turns to steam and explodes, projecting scalding water 60 m into the air. And Old Faithful erupts right on schedule! Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does scalding mean? A muddy B burning C gurgling D steaming Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does scalding mean? A muddy B burning C gurgling D steaming Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. According to the passage, what happens to underground water when geysers form? F It is heated by molten rock. G It is cycled to Earth’s center. H It travels 60 m through vents. I It is poured into volcanoes. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. According to the passage, what happens to underground water when geysers form? F It is heated by molten rock. G It is cycled to Earth’s center. H It travels 60 m through vents. I It is poured into volcanoes. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following is a fact in the passage? A Old Faithful erupts every 60 min. B Old Faithful is located in Yellowstone National Park. C There are six geysers at Yellowstone National Park. D Molten rock explodes from geysers. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following is a fact in the passage? A Old Faithful erupts every 60 min. B Old Faithful is located in Yellowstone National Park. C There are six geysers at Yellowstone National Park. D Molten rock explodes from geysers. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2 In the Mississippi Delta, long-legged birds step lightly through the marsh and hunt fish or frogs for breakfast. Hundreds of species of plants and animals start another day in this fragile ecosystem. This delta ecosystem is in danger of being destroyed. The threat comes from efforts to make the river more useful. Large portions of the river bottom were dredged to deepen the river for ship traffic. Underwater channels were built to control flooding. Continued on the next slide Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Passage 2, continued What no one realized was that sediments that once formed new land now passed through the channels and flowed out into the ocean. Those river sediments had once replaced the land that was lost every year to erosion. Without them, the river can’t replace land lost to erosion. So, the Mississippi River Delta is shrinking. By 1995, more than half of the wetlands were already gone—swept out to sea by waves along the Louisiana coast. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does dredged mean? A moved to the side B circulated C cleaned D scooped up Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. In the passage, what does dredged mean? A moved to the side B circulated C cleaned D scooped up Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about the Mississippi River is true? F The river never floods. G The river is not wide enough for ships. H The river’s delicate ecosystem is in danger. I The river is disappearing. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Based on the passage, which of the following statements about the Mississippi River is true? F The river never floods. G The river is not wide enough for ships. H The river’s delicate ecosystem is in danger. I The river is disappearing. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? A By 1995, more than half of the Mississippi River was gone. B Underwater channels controlled flooding. C Channels help form new land. D Sediment cannot replace lost land. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Preparation

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? A By 1995, more than half of the Mississippi River was gone. B Underwater channels controlled flooding. C Channels help form new land. D Sediment cannot replace lost land. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Preparation

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics The chart below shows four wells drilled at different depths. Use the chart below to answer the questions that follow. Chapter 3 Standardized Test Preparation

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. A well-drilling company offers the four types of wells shown in the chart. Which well is most likely to be a reliable source of groundwater? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. A well-drilling company offers the four types of wells shown in the chart. Which well is most likely to be a reliable source of groundwater? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If the area experienced heavy rains, toward which level would the water table move? F The water table would move toward level B. G The water table would move toward level D. H The water table would stay at level C. I The water table will be gone. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. If the area experienced heavy rains, toward which level would the water table move? F The water table would move toward level B. G The water table would move toward level D. H The water table would stay at level C. I The water table will be gone. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If the water table moves to level D, which wells will still be able to provide water? A all wells B wells 1 and 2 C well 3 D wells 3 and 4 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

71. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. If the water table moves to level D, which wells will still be able to provide water? A all wells B wells 1 and 2 C well 3 D wells 3 and 4 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

72. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Which well is most likely to be an unreliable source of groundwater? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

73. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. Which well is most likely to be an unreliable source of groundwater? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

74. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

75. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. A river flows at a speed of 10 km/h. If a boat travels upstream at a speed of 15 km/h, how far will it travel in 3 h? A 10 km B 15 km C 20 km D 25 km Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

76. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 1. A river flows at a speed of 10 km/h. If a boat travels upstream at a speed of 15 km/h, how far will it travel in 3 h? A 10 km B 15 km C 20 km D 25 km Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

77. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Water contamination is often measured in parts per million (ppm). If the concentration of a pollutant is 5 ppm, there are 5 parts of the pollutant in 1 million parts of water. If the concentration of gasoline is 3 ppm in 2,000,000 L of water, how many liters of gasoline are in the water? F 3 L G 6 L H 9 L I 10 L Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

78. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 2. Water contamination is often measured in parts per million (ppm). If the concentration of a pollutant is 5 ppm, there are 5 parts of the pollutant in 1 million parts of water. If the concentration of gasoline is 3 ppm in 2,000,000 L of water, how many liters of gasoline are in the water? F 3 L G 6 L H 9 L I 10 L Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

79. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. One family uses 70 L of water a day for showering. If everyone in the family agreed to shorten his or her shower from 10 min to 5 min, how many liters of water would be saved each day? A 5 L B 10 L C 35 L D 70 L Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

80. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 3. One family uses 70 L of water a day for showering. If everyone in the family agreed to shorten his or her shower from 10 min to 5 min, how many liters of water would be saved each day? A 5 L B 10 L C 35 L D 70 L Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

81. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. A family uses 800 L of water per day. Of those 800 L, 200 L are used for flushing the toilet. Calculate the percentage of water that the family uses to flush the toilet. F 25% G 30% H 50% I 60% Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

82. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 4. A family uses 800 L of water per day. Of those 800 L, 200 L are used for flushing the toilet. Calculate the percentage of water that the family uses to flush the toilet. F 25% G 30% H 50% I 60% Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

83. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. A river flows at a speed of 8 km/h. If you floated on a raft in this river, how far will you have traveled after 5 h? A 5 km B 16 km C 40 km D 80 km Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

84. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu 5. A river flows at a speed of 8 km/h. If you floated on a raft in this river, how far will you have traveled after 5 h? A 5 km B 16 km C 40 km D 80 km Chapter 11 Standardized Test Preparation

85. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 11 Section 4 Using Water Wisely