1. Internal Insect Morphology

2. Circulation System Organization: Humans – closed Our circulatory system consists of a heart and a series of tubes (arteries and veins) intimately associated with every cell Insects – open

3. Blood Cavity (Hemocoel) Entire open area (here in white) is a blood filled cavity called the Hemocoel.

4. The insect circulatory system: Hearts and Ostia - Ostia are one-way valves that allow blood to enter heart. It is then forced out via the aorta. Aorta The 9 hearts

5. Generalized circulation path of blood in insects. HeartsAorta

6. Circulatory system functions: Transport - food Protection – immune system Hydraulic – inflates wings Respiration (minor) Thermoregulation – cools/warms Not a very efficient system and would not work for humans but is effective for insects because of the limited functions of the circulatory system

7. Blood characteristics: 1) Color 2) Contents Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium & other salts, water

8. Digestive System Consists of 3 regions: 1) Foregut 2) Midgut 3) Hindgut

9. Foregut : esophogus Conducts, stores, guides foods Midgut : small intestine Major site of food absorption Enzyme production Hindgut : large intestine Transports waste from body Reabsorbs water and eliminates Uric acid Salivary Glands: Function as a food solvent, digestive enzymes, produce glue, silk, plant hormones (IAA).

10. Digestive Process Intestinal: normal digestive process Extra-intestinal: Digestion outside the body by regurgitation of enzymes onto or into food before ingestion Microbial aids – termites and bacteria necessary to digest cellulose

11. Adaptations to a Liquid Diet Aphids and Scale Insects Produce “Honey dew”

12. First Stomach with filter chamber Second Stomach - enzymes added here Rectum - Excess water and some sugars leave body

13. Excretory System: Maintains internal environment suitable for survival of the insect It does this through two structures/processes: 1)Malpighian tubules = Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the blood 2)Hindgut = Regulates salt and water and Uric Acid (H 2 0)

14. Ventilation: Respiration Tracheal System: a system of air tubes that carry gases to and from body tissues. Trachael system of an insect.

15. There are three parts to the Tracheal System: 1)Spiracles: external openings of the tubes 2)Tracheae: transport air through body 3)Taenida: spiral bands of the exoskeleton in the wall of trachea – add strength Mode of action: Diffusion Pumps Efficiency – diffusion works well for insects because they are small

16. Spiracles Tomato Horn Worm

17. Taenidia are spiral bands of the exoskeleton in the wall of trachea.

18. Thoracic Ganglia Brain Subesophageal Ganglion Ventral Nerve Cord Nervous System Brain - Ventral Nerve Cord - Ganglia and axons throughout body

19. Ganglia and axons of the insect body.

20. Brain Role: Receive and integrate sensory data Little coordination like in humans Other functions - walking, flying, mating are under control of nearby ganglia

21. Metamorphosis Nightclubs

22. Insect Growth and Development Exoskeleton limits growth Shedding exoskeleton (ecdysis) - necessary to grow and/or change shape Ecdysis involves loss of: Outside body covering, the foregut, the hindgut and tracheal system

24. This much area is “digested” and recycled into new exoskeleton.

25. Cicada nymph casing – very thin and brittle

26. Instars - the insect between molts Generations – egg to adult. How many per year? > 2 per year = pest

27. Metamorphosis – Change in shape or form Regulated by 3 hormones: Ecdysone - molting hormone Juvenile Hormone Brain Hormone (PTTH) = prothoracicotrophic hormone

28. Types of Metamorphosis: 1)Simple metamorphosis Juvenile (young) insects look much like what they will look like as adults-- silverfish, bristletails

29. Types of Metamorphosis: 2)Incomplete -- Ephemeroptera – Mayflies Eggs Nymph Naiads Adults

30. Hemiptera – True bugs Gradual Metamorphosis

31. Types of Metamorphosis: 4) Complete – Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera Eggs Larva Pupa Adult

32. Reasons for Insect Success Flight Complete Metamorphosis Elytra Wing Cover

33. End of Basic Entomology Part II