1. Displaying Data from Multiple Tables (Join)

2. EMPNO DEPTNO LOC ----- ------- -------- 7839 10 NEW YORK 7698 30 CHICAGO 7782 10 NEW YORK 7566 20 DALLAS 7654 30 CHICAGO 7499 30 CHICAGO... 14 rows selected. EMPNO DEPTNO LOC ----- ------- -------- 7839 10 NEW YORK 7698 30 CHICAGO 7782 10 NEW YORK 7566 20 DALLAS 7654 30 CHICAGO 7499 30 CHICAGO... 14 rows selected. Obtaining Data from Multiple Tables EMPDEPT EMPNOENAME...DEPTNO -----------...------ 7839KING... 10 7698BLAKE... 30... 7934MILLER... 10 DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------ ------------------ 10ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON

3. What Is a Join? Use a join to query data from more than one table. Use a join to query data from more than one table. Write the join condition in the WHERE clause. Write the join condition in the WHERE clause. Prefix the column name with the table name when the same column name appears in more than one table. Prefix the column name with the table name when the same column name appears in more than one table. Use a join to query data from more than one table. Use a join to query data from more than one table. Write the join condition in the WHERE clause. Write the join condition in the WHERE clause. Prefix the column name with the table name when the same column name appears in more than one table. Prefix the column name with the table name when the same column name appears in more than one table. SELECTtable1.column, table2.column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1.column1 = table2.column2; SELECTtable1.column, table2.column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1.column1 = table2.column2;

4. Cartesian Product A Cartesian product is formed when: A Cartesian product is formed when: A join condition is omitted A join condition is omitted A join condition is invalid A join condition is invalid All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join condition in a WHERE clause. To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join condition in a WHERE clause. A Cartesian product is formed when: A Cartesian product is formed when: A join condition is omitted A join condition is omitted A join condition is invalid A join condition is invalid All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table All rows in the first table are joined to all rows in the second table To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join condition in a WHERE clause. To avoid a Cartesian product, always include a valid join condition in a WHERE clause.

5. Generating a Cartesian Product ENAME DNAME ------ ---------- KINGACCOUNTING BLAKE ACCOUNTING... KINGRESEARCH BLAKE RESEARCH... 56 rows selected. ENAME DNAME ------ ---------- KINGACCOUNTING BLAKE ACCOUNTING... KINGRESEARCH BLAKE RESEARCH... 56 rows selected. EMP (14 rows) DEPT (4 rows) EMPNOENAME...DEPTNO -----------...------ 7839KING... 10 7698BLAKE... 30... 7934MILLER... 10 EMPNOENAME...DEPTNO -----------...------ 7839KING... 10 7698BLAKE... 30... 7934MILLER... 10 DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------ ------------------ 10ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------ ------------------ 10ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20RESEARCHDALLAS 30SALESCHICAGO 40OPERATIONSBOSTON “Cartesian product: 14*4=56 rows”

6. Types of Joins Equijoin Non-equijoin Outer join Self join

7. What Is an Equijoin? EMP DEPT EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO ------ ------- ------- 7839 KING 10 7698 BLAKE 30 7782 CLARK 10 7566 JONES 20 7654 MARTIN 30 7499 ALLEN 30 7844 TURNER 30 7900 JAMES 30 7521 WARD 30 7902 FORD 20 7369 SMITH 20... 14 rows selected. DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------- ---------- -------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 30 SALES CHICAGO 10 ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20 RESEARCHDALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 20 RESEARCHDALLAS... 14 rows selected. Foreign key Primary key

8. Retrieving Records with Equijoins SQL> SELECT emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.deptno, 2dept.deptno, dept.loc 3 FROM emp, dept 4 WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno; EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO DEPTNO LOC ----- ------ ------ ------ --------- 7839 KING 10 10 NEW YORK 7698 BLAKE 30 30 CHICAGO 7782 CLARK 10 10 NEW YORK 7566 JONES 20 20 DALLAS... 14 rows selected.

9. Qualifying Ambiguous Column Names Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in multiple tables. Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in multiple tables. Improve performance by using table prefixes. Improve performance by using table prefixes. Distinguish columns that have identical names but reside in different tables by using column aliases. Distinguish columns that have identical names but reside in different tables by using column aliases. Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in multiple tables. Use table prefixes to qualify column names that are in multiple tables. Improve performance by using table prefixes. Improve performance by using table prefixes. Distinguish columns that have identical names but reside in different tables by using column aliases. Distinguish columns that have identical names but reside in different tables by using column aliases.

10. Additional Search Conditions Using the AND Operator EMPDEPT EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO ------ ------- ------- 7839 KING 10 7698 BLAKE 30 7782 CLARK 10 7566 JONES 20 7654 MARTIN 30 7499 ALLEN 30 7844 TURNER 30 7900 JAMES 30 7521 WARD 30 7902 FORD 20 7369 SMITH 20... 14 rows selected. DEPTNO DNAME LOC ------ ----------------- 10 ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 30SALES CHICAGO 10 ACCOUNTINGNEW YORK 20 RESEARCHDALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 20 RESEARCHDALLAS... 14 rows selected.

11. Using Table Aliases Simplify queries by using table aliases. Simplify queries by using table aliases. SQL> SELECT emp.empno, emp.ename, emp.deptno, 2 dept.deptno, dept.loc 3 FROM emp, dept 4 WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno; SQL> SELECT e.empno, e.ename, e.deptno, 2 d.deptno, d.loc 3 FROM emp e, dept d 4 WHERE e.deptno= d.deptno;

12. Joining More Than Two Tables NAMECUSTID ----------------- JOCKSPORTS 100 TKB SPORT SHOP 101 VOLLYRITE 102 JUST TENNIS 103 K+T SPORTS 105 SHAPE UP 106 WOMENS SPORTS 107... 9 rows selected. NAMECUSTID ----------------- JOCKSPORTS 100 TKB SPORT SHOP 101 VOLLYRITE 102 JUST TENNIS 103 K+T SPORTS 105 SHAPE UP 106 WOMENS SPORTS 107... 9 rows selected. CUSTOMER CUSTID ORDID ------- 101 610 102 611 104 612 106 601 102 602 106 604 106 605... 21 rows selected. CUSTID ORDID ------- 101 610 102 611 104 612 106 601 102 602 106 604 106 605... 21 rows selected.ORD ORDID ITEMID ------ ------- 610 3 611 1 612 1 601 1 602 1... 64 rows selected. ORDID ITEMID ------ ------- 610 3 611 1 612 1 601 1 602 1... 64 rows selected.ITEM

13. Non-EquijoinsNon-Equijoins EMPSALGRADE “salary in the EMP table is between low salary and high salary in the SALGRADE table” EMPNO ENAME SAL ------ ------- ------ 7839 KING 5000 7698 BLAKE 2850 7782 CLARK 2450 7566 JONES 2975 7654 MARTIN 1250 7499 ALLEN 1600 7844 TURNER 1500 7900 JAMES 950... 14 rows selected. GRADE LOSAL HISAL ----- ----- ------ 1 7001200 2 12011400 3 14012000 420013000 5 30019999

14. Retrieving Records with Non-Equijoins ENAME SAL GRADE ---------- --------- --------- JAMES 950 1 SMITH 800 1 ADAMS 1100 1... 14 rows selected. SQL> SELECT e.ename, e.sal, s.grade 2FROMemp e, salgrade s 3WHERE e.sal 4BETWEEN s.losal AND s.hisal;

15. Outer Joins EMP DEPT No employee in the OPERATIONS department ENAMEDEPTNO ----------- KING10 BLAKE30 CLARK10 JONES20... DEPTNO DNAME ------ ---------- 10 ACCOUNTING 30 SALES 10 ACCOUNTING 20RESEARCH... 40OPERATIONS

16. Outer Joins You use an outer join to also see rows that do not usually meet the join condition. You use an outer join to also see rows that do not usually meet the join condition. Outer join operator is the plus sign (+). Outer join operator is the plus sign (+). You use an outer join to also see rows that do not usually meet the join condition. You use an outer join to also see rows that do not usually meet the join condition. Outer join operator is the plus sign (+). Outer join operator is the plus sign (+). SELECTtable1.column, table2.column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1.column(+) = table2.column; SELECTtable1.column, table2.column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1.column(+) = table2.column; SELECTtable1.column, table2.column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1.column = table2.column(+); SELECTtable1.column, table2.column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1.column = table2.column(+);

17. Using Outer Joins SQL> SELECTe.ename, d.deptno, d.dname 2 FROMemp e, dept d 3 WHEREe.deptno(+) = d.deptno 4 ORDER BYe.deptno; ENAME DEPTNO DNAME ---------- --------- ------------- KING 10 ACCOUNTING CLARK 10 ACCOUNTING... 40 OPERATIONS 15 rows selected.

18. Outer Joins Student 105 (Michael Connoly) does not have any ENROLLMENT records

19. Outer Joins No records retrieved for Michael: No records retrieved for Michael:

20. Outer Joins To include records in first (inner) table, even when they do not have matching records in second (outer) table, place outer join marker (+) beside outer table name in join clause

21. Outer Joins Outer join marker

22. Self Joins EMP (WORKER) EMP (MANAGER) “MGR in the WORKER table is equal to EMPNO in the MANAGER table” EMPNOENAME MGR --------------- 7839KING 7698BLAKE7839 7782CLARK7839 7566JONES7839 7654MARTIN7698 7499ALLEN7698 EMPNOENAME ------------- 7839KING 7698BLAKE

23. Joining a Table to Itself WORKER.ENAME||'WORKSFOR'||MANAG ------------------------------- BLAKE works for KING CLARK works for KING JONES works for KING MARTIN works for BLAKE... 13 rows selected. WORKER.ENAME||'WORKSFOR'||MANAG ------------------------------- BLAKE works for KING CLARK works for KING JONES works for KING MARTIN works for BLAKE... 13 rows selected. SQL> SELECT worker.ename||' works for '||manager.ename 2 FROM emp worker, emp manager 3 WHERE worker.mgr = manager.empno;

24. SummarySummary Equijoin Non-equijoin Outer join Self join SELECTtable1.column, table2.column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1.column1 = table2.column2; SELECTtable1.column, table2.column FROMtable1, table2 WHEREtable1.column1 = table2.column2;

25. Sub queries

26. SubqueriesSubqueries The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query. The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query. The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query). The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query). The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query. The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query. The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query). The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query). SELECTselect_list FROMtable WHEREexpr operator (SELECTselect_list FROMtable);

27. 2975 SQL> SELECT ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal > 4 (SELECT sal 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno=7566); Using a Subquery ENAME ---------- KING FORD SCOTT ENAME ---------- KING FORD SCOTT

28. Guidelines for Using Subqueries Enclose subqueries in parentheses. Enclose subqueries in parentheses. Place subqueries on the right side of the comparison operator. Place subqueries on the right side of the comparison operator. Do not add an ORDER BY clause to a subquery. Do not add an ORDER BY clause to a subquery. Use single-row operators with single-row subqueries. Use single-row operators with single-row subqueries. Use multiple-row operators with multiple-row subqueries. Use multiple-row operators with multiple-row subqueries. Enclose subqueries in parentheses. Enclose subqueries in parentheses. Place subqueries on the right side of the comparison operator. Place subqueries on the right side of the comparison operator. Do not add an ORDER BY clause to a subquery. Do not add an ORDER BY clause to a subquery. Use single-row operators with single-row subqueries. Use single-row operators with single-row subqueries. Use multiple-row operators with multiple-row subqueries. Use multiple-row operators with multiple-row subqueries.

29. Types of Subqueries Single-row subquery Single-row subquery Main query Subquery returns CLERK Multiple-row subquery CLERKMANAGER Main query Subquery returns Multiple-column subquery CLERK 7900 MANAGER 7698 Main query Subquery returns

30. Executing Single-Row Subqueries CLERK 1100 ENAME JOB ---------- --------- MILLER CLERK ENAME JOB ---------- --------- MILLER CLERK SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = 4(SELECT job 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno = 7369) 7 AND sal > 8(SELECT sal 9FROMemp 10WHEREempno = 7876);

31. Using Group Functions in a Subquery 800 ENAME JOB SAL ---------- --------- --------- SMITH CLERK 800 ENAME JOB SAL ---------- --------- --------- SMITH CLERK 800 SQL> SELECTename, job, sal 2 FROMemp 3 WHEREsal = 4(SELECTMIN(sal) 5FROMemp);

32. HAVING Clause with Subqueries The Oracle Server executes subqueries first. The Oracle Server executes subqueries first. The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query. The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query. The Oracle Server executes subqueries first. The Oracle Server executes subqueries first. The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query. The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query. 800 SQL> SELECTdeptno, MIN(sal) 2 FROMemp 3 GROUP BYdeptno 4 HAVINGMIN(sal) > 5(SELECTMIN(sal) 6FROMemp 7WHEREdeptno = 20);

33. What Is Wrong with This Statement? ERROR: ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row no rows selected ERROR: ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row no rows selected SQL> SELECT empno, ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal = 4(SELECT MIN(sal) 5FROM emp 6GROUP BY deptno); Single-row operator with multiple-row subquery

34. Will This Statement Work? no rows selected Subquery returns no values SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = 4(SELECTjob 5FROMemp 6WHEREename='SMYTHE');

35. Multiple-Row Subqueries Return more than one row Return more than one row Use multiple-row comparison operators Use multiple-row comparison operators Return more than one row Return more than one row Use multiple-row comparison operators Use multiple-row comparison operators Operator IN ANY ALL Meaning Equal to any member in the list Compare value to each value returned by the subquery Compare value to every value returned by the subquery

36. Creating Views

37. Logical table based on a query Logical table based on a query Does not physically exist in the database Does not physically exist in the database Presents data in a different format from underlying tables Presents data in a different format from underlying tables Uses: Uses: Security Security Simplifying complex queries Simplifying complex queries Database Views

38. Simple Views and Complex Views FeatureSimple ViewsComplex Views Number of tablesOneOne or more Contain functionsNoYes Contain groups of dataNoYes DML through viewYesNot always

39. Creating a View You embed a subquery within the CREATE VIEW statement. You embed a subquery within the CREATE VIEW statement. The subquery can contain complex SELECT syntax. The subquery can contain complex SELECT syntax. The subquery cannot contain an ORDER BY clause. The subquery cannot contain an ORDER BY clause. You embed a subquery within the CREATE VIEW statement. You embed a subquery within the CREATE VIEW statement. The subquery can contain complex SELECT syntax. The subquery can contain complex SELECT syntax. The subquery cannot contain an ORDER BY clause. The subquery cannot contain an ORDER BY clause. CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW view_name AS subquery; CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW view_name AS subquery;

40. Creating a View Create a view, EMPVU10, that contains details of employees in department 10. Create a view, EMPVU10, that contains details of employees in department 10. Describe the structure of the view by using the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command. SQL> DESCRIBE empvu10 SQL> CREATE VIEW empvu10 2 AS SELECTempno, ename, job 3 FROMemp 4 WHEREdeptno = 10; View created.

41. Retrieving Data from a View EMPLOYEE_NUMBER NAME SALARY --------------- ---------- --------- 7698 BLAKE 2850 7654 MARTIN 1250 7499 ALLEN 1600 7844 TURNER 1500 7900 JAMES 950 7521 WARD 1250 6 rows selected. EMPLOYEE_NUMBER NAME SALARY --------------- ---------- --------- 7698 BLAKE 2850 7654 MARTIN 1250 7499 ALLEN 1600 7844 TURNER 1500 7900 JAMES 950 7521 WARD 1250 6 rows selected. SQL> SELECT * 2 FROMsalvu30;

42. Removing a View Remove a view without losing data because a view is based on underlying tables in the database. Remove a view without losing data because a view is based on underlying tables in the database. SQL> DROP VIEW empvu10; View dropped. DROP VIEW view;

43. Performs set operations on outputs of two unrelated queries Performs set operations on outputs of two unrelated queries Both queries must have: Both queries must have: same number of display fields same number of display fields corresponding display fields must have same data type corresponding display fields must have same data type Using Set Operators in Queries

44. UNION: combines results, suppresses duplicate rows UNION: combines results, suppresses duplicate rows UNION ALL: combines results, displays duplicates UNION ALL: combines results, displays duplicates INTERSECT: finds matching rows INTERSECT: finds matching rows MINUS: returns the difference between returned record sets MINUS: returns the difference between returned record sets Query Set Operators

45. Synonyms Alternate name for a table Alternate name for a table Allows you to not have to preface table with owner’s username when you are querying a table that belongs to another user Allows you to not have to preface table with owner’s username when you are querying a table that belongs to another user

46. Public Synonyms Can only be created by a DBA Can only be created by a DBA Syntax: Syntax: CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM synonym_name FOR owner_name.tablename; All users with privileges to use table can then use synonym instead of owner_name.tablename All users with privileges to use table can then use synonym instead of owner_name.tablename

47. Private Synonyms You can create private synonyms for any tables that you have privileges to use You can create private synonyms for any tables that you have privileges to use Only you can use the synonym Only you can use the synonym Syntax: Syntax: CREATE SYNONYM synonym_name FOR table_name.table_name;