1. Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV/AIDS Psych 110: Developmental Psychology Brandon Mendoza

2. Pubic Lice AKA Crabs Parasitic STI Very common No mandated reporting laws Symptoms: itching because the saliva the lice secrete Diagnosis: finding parasite eggs in pubic hair Treatment: Wash bed sheets, over the counter creams or shampoos.

3. Scabies Ectoparasitic infection by Sarcoptes scabiei. Spread by skin contact in sexual or nonsexual contact. No mandated reporting laws. Symptoms: Rash and intense itching after a few weeks Diagnosis: Skin scraping (immediate diagnosis necessary for treatment) Treatment: prescription creams, wash bed sheets

4. Gonorrhea AKA “Clap” or “Drip” Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Rates are found higher in women Typically co-infected with other STIs. Also found higher in Black men than White men Transferred through sexual contact by mucus membranes (anal sex, oral sex, vulva to vulva sex, or vaginal intercourse) Symptoms of Men: urethral discharge, painful urination, epididymitis (inflammation of epidiymis) Symptoms of Women: asymptomatic until pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) develops then cervical discharge, pain, and discomfort Diagnosis: sampling discharge and observed for gonococcus bacterium. Treatment: injection of Ceftriaxone (antibiotic)

5. Syphilis Infection with Treponema pallidum. Transmitted through sexual contact via mucus membranes. Congenital syphilis can also occur (mother to baby) Four main factors of prevalence: age, gender, race/ethnicity, and region. Highest rates are for Black men age 20-24. Symptoms in Stages 1) chancres (small red-brown sores that appear on infected region. 2) CNS is attacked, developing red patches on skin 3) Disease goes into remission but can still transfer disease for up to 1 year. Diagnosis: Blood test taken for presence of antibodies Treatment: early stages can be given antibiotics but, late stage syphilis beginning treatment can be untreatable and fatal.

6. Chlamydia Infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Transmitted during sexual behaviors or from infected woman to newborn. Most common bacterial STI in the U.S. Prevalent in men & women <25 years old. Referred to as the “silent disease” because men and women are asymptomatic. Symptoms of Women: if there are symptoms there may be pain urinating or during sex and PID Symptoms of Men: if there are symptoms there may be discharge from the penis, burning/itching around urethra, epidiymitis and nongonococcal urethritis (urethral infection) Diagnosis: Urine tests are used most. Treatment: antibiotics

7. Chancroid Appearance is similar to syphilis chancre. Infected by Haemophilus ducreyi. Transmitted sexually. Uncommon in U.S. but, most incidents are from people who travel to Africa, Asian and the Caribbean. Symptoms: small lesions at point of entry, ulcers form with ragged edges, swelling and pain of lymph nodes. Diagnosis: sample from ulcers for presence of bacteria Treatment: antibiotics

8. Bacterial Vaginosis Most common cause of vaginal discharge. Caused by overgrowth of bacteria in vagina Women may be asymptomatic. Symptoms: if there are symptoms then there may be a strong “fishy” odor and vaginal discharge. Treatment: antibiotics as pill or cream

9. Trichomoniasis Caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms for Women: vaginal discharge that is yellow or green, frothy, and foul smelling; burning, itching Symptoms for Men: often asymptomatic but, there may be burning on tip of penis, discharge, and burning during urination or ejaculation. Treatment: antibiotics

10. Herpes simplex 1 AKA HSV-1 Transmitted thorough kissing, sharing drinks or utensils. Can lead to genital herpes. Usually transmitted through nonsexual contact during childhood. 62% of people have been infected by HSV-1. Diagnosis: blood tests to determine Herpes type

11. Herpes Simplex 2 AKA HSV-2 Majority of genital herpes caused by HSV-2. Highly contagious Viral shedding (virus released by outbreaks in skin) Almost always transmitted sexually. No mandated reporting laws. Symptoms: blisters within a few days of infection that will develop to prodromal phase in where there is burning and itching on infected. Diagnosis: blood tests to determine which Herpes Treatment: oral antiviral drugs, icing infected area, increasing intake of L- Lysine (fish or yogurt), and decrease Arginine levels (sugar and nuts)

12. Human Papillomavirus AKA HPV, most common viral STI in U.S. Majority of people infected do not know they have it. Over 40 strains of HPV. “Low risk” are types 6 and 11. “High risk” are types 16 and 18. Symptoms: Depends on the type of HPV infection. Genital warts is most common symptom. > 90% of time an individual’s immune system can clear HPV within 2 years. Treatment: chemical topical solutions and vaccinations (Cervarix and Gardasil)

13. HIV and AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) leads to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syn HIV attaches itself to T helper cells (white blood cells of immune system) that inject it with RNA containing reverse transcriptase, which in turn transforms the cells, and ultimately lowers the immune system. Opportunistic diseases can arise because the immune system is low. Majority of HIV-positive people live in Sub-Saharan Africa: 68% Interesting Fact! South Africa’s version of Sesame Street includes a Muppet by the name of Kami, which translates from Tswana word for “acceptance” to encourage children that it is okay to play with children who are HIV-positive.

14. More About HIV and AIDS 50 % of African Americans account for the percentage of U.S. infections each year. Nearly 90% of those infected do NOT know they are infected. HIV dormancy period where an infected person has no symptoms can be up to 10 years. In May 2006 Dr. Beatrice Hahn traced the dominant strain of HIV to a family of chimpanzees in southeastern Cameroon. There are some people who have a genetic mutation that have a natural protection against HIV.