2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity Table 6.2

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and Body Movements  Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone  Muscles are attached to at least two points  Insertion  Attachment to a moveable bone  Origin  Attachment to an immovable bone

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscles and Body Movements Figure 6.12

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Flexion  Decreases the angle of the joint  Brings two bones closer together  Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow  Extension  Opposite of flexion  Increases angle between two bones

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13a

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13b

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Rotation  Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis  Common in ball-and-socket joints  Example is when you move atlas around the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13c

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Abduction  Movement of a limb away from the midline  Adduction  Opposite of abduction  Movement of a limb toward the midline

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements  Circumduction  Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction  Common in ball-and-socket joints

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Ordinary Body Movements Figure 6.13d

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements  Dorsiflexion  Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin  Plantar flexion  Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13e

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements  Inversion  Turn sole of foot medially  Eversion  Turn sole of foot laterally

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13f

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements  Supination  Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly  Pronation  Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13g

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements  Opposition  Move thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special Movements Figure 6.13h

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Muscles  Prime mover—muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement  Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover  Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation  Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles  By direction of muscle fibers  Example : Rectus (straight)  Example: Oblique (diagonally or slanted)  By relative size of the muscle  Example : Maximus (largest), minimus

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles  By location of the muscle  Ex : Temporalis (temporal bone)  Ex : Frontalis (You should know this)  By number of origins  Ex : Triceps (three heads – three origins)

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Naming Skeletal Muscles  By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion  Example : Sternocleidomastoid (on the sternum and clavicle – inserts on mastoid process)  By shape of the muscle  Example : Deltoid (triangular)  By action of the muscle  Example : Hip Flexors (I’m not telling you)

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arrangement of Fascicles Figure 6.14