1. TYPES OF SENTENCE ANH LE THE SENTEN CE

2.  Highest unit of analysis in grammar  Composed of:  Clauses  Clauses of phrases  Phrases of words  Words of morphemes  ‘A sentence is a string of words that follows the rules for forming clauses and combination of clauses’ (Berry, 53)

3. TYPES OF SENTENCE When will she come?  Major (regular) sentences She will come in the afternoon.  Minor (irregular) sentences  In the afternoon. (a prepositional phrase)  Before her sister does. (a subordinate, adverbial, clause)  Tonight. (an adverb/adverb phrase)  Next week. (a noun phrase)  Other type of Minor sentence: ‘non-sentences’  No smoking. / Silence !

4.  Simple Sentences  Consist of only one clause  Multiple Sentences  Consist of more than one clause  Compound Sentences  Complex Sentences

5. Multiple Sentences  Co-ordinated Clauses:  2 or more clauses of equal importance are joined in series  A co-ordinating conjunction is usually inserted She works hard, has an enquiring mind and is popular with her colleagues.  Subordinate Clauses:  One clause of lesser importance (subordinate clause) is added to a main clause: I like him because he is different. Where did you put the pen I lent you?  Main clauses: Independent clauses. But: He said that he wasn’t coming

6. Conjunctions & Subordinators  CONJUNCTIONS  Closed class  Join 2 clauses together and show the meaning relationship between them  Coordinating: and, but, or  Subordinating: when, if, although, because, since, before, as soon as, so that, etc.  That: I know that you don’t like him  Wh-: I know what you mean  Relative Pronouns  If/Whether in indirect questions: I wonder if/whether she’s coming

7.  Although used differently, still cover similar meanings to linking adverbs and some prepositions.  But (coordinating conjunction)  Although, though, yet (subordinating conjunction)  However, nevertheless, yet (linking adverbs)  Despite, in spite of (prepositions)  Concession: two contradicting ideas.

8.  Co-ordinating conjunctions can also be used to join smaller units. E.g:  Phrases He’s clever and hard-working with it Should I see a doctor or a dentist?  Part of phrases: I was laughing and crying at the same time  And: joining 2 subordinate clauses: We’ll leave when the job is done and when we’ve been paid

9.  The boundary between conjunctions and linking adverbs can be hard to figure out. 1. Linking verbs like so and yet are often used as conjunctions The party was getting boring so we left. 2. Co-ordinating conjunctions are often used to introduce simple sentences, where they have an appearance of linking adverbs And then my mother cut a piece of meat from her arm.

10.  Sometimes, clauses are joined without a conjunction. E.g:  Tag question  ‘Echoes’ at the end of sentences: She’s got a lot of nerves, she has  Spoken English also often have strings of clauses but without explicit connection.