2. Geology Rocks, Minerals, Volcanoes, & Earthquakes

3. Minerals Naturally occurring Inorganic solid ( not from living matter) Has a definite structure; crystals Has a definite composition; a compound or element.

4. Minerals Crystals =is a solid in which atoms are arranged in repeating patterns. NaCl, table salt, forms a cubic crystal. Wulfenite forms a tetragonal crystal. Corundum = Hexagonal Gypsum = Monoclinic Topaz = Orthorhombic Topaz

5. Mineral : How they form… 1. Hot magma ( melted rock) cools to form minerals. The types and amounts of elements in the magma determines which minerals form. 2. Crystals form from minerals dissolved in liquids. When the liquid evaporates, mineral crystals are left behind.

6. How Minerals Form: 3. Precipitation out of solution is the third way.

7. Mineral Composition There are 90 elements that occur naturally; 98% of the Earth’s crust is made of only eight of these elements.elements Oxygen is 46.6% Silicon is 27.7% Aluminum is 8.1% Iron is 5% Calcium is 3.6% Sodium is 2.8% Potassium is 2.6% Magnesium is 2.1%

8. Mineral Groups There are about 4000 minerals. Most of the common minerals are in the group called silicates. Silicates contain silicon, oxygen and one or more other elements. Quartz and Feldspar are common rock-forming minerals in the silicate group. Feldspar Quartz

9. Mineral Groups Carbonates Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Hydroxides Phosphates

10. Mineral Identification Appearance Hardness Luster Color Streak Fracture Cleavage Other Properties

11. Mineral Properties Appearance – Color and general appearance can help to identify a mineral. Many minerals look very similar. Many minerals are found in different colors. Other properties must be used to identify minerals.

12. Mineral Properties Hardness = The Mohs Scale of Hardness measures how easily a mineral can be scratched. Talc is the softest, a 1 on the scale. Diamonds are the hardest, a 10. Talc

13. Mineral Properties: Hardness Mohs Scale

14. Mineral Properties:Luster Luster: how light is reflected from a mineral’s surface. Metallic Luster = shines like metal Nonmetallic Luster = any mineral that does not shine like metal. Nonmetallic can be : dull, pearly, or silky. Orthoclase Galena

15. Luster

16. Mineral Properties: Streak Streak is the color of the mineral when it is broken up and powdered. The mineral is rubbed across a white, unglazed, porcelain tile. Minerals harder than the streak plate (7) will not have streak. Graphite (pure carbon) has streak on paper. It is used in pencils, not lead.

17. Mineral Properties: Cleavage and Fracture Minerals that break with rough or jagged edges have fracture. Minerals that break along smooth, flat surfaces have Cleavage. Some minerals have unique properties; Magnetite is magnetic, Calcite fizzes with HCl ( acid).

18. Mineral Properties: fracture 21.Limestone = even 22. Serpentine = uneven 23. Obsidian = conchoidal 24. Rose Quartz = sub-conchoidal 25. Tremolite = splintery 26. Copper = hackly

19. Types of Cleavage

20. Mineral Properties: Cleavage 15. Mica = Basal ( one direction) 16. Feldspar = Pinacoidal ( two directions) 17. Amphibole = Prismatic ( Two directions at 124 o and 56 o

21. Cleavage 18. Halite = Cubic ( Three directions, at right angles) 19. Calcite = Rhombohedral ( Three directions not at right angles.) 20. Fluorite = Octahedral ( four directions)

22. Uses of Minerals Jewelry on the Web Jewelry on the Web Gems are rare and beautiful minerals which are cut and polished for jewelry. Differences between gems and common minerals are small: Amethyst is a gem form of quartz (SiO 2 ) with manganese traces. The Mn gives amethyst its purple color.

23. Uses of Minerals Ores is a mineral that is useful, and can be mined for profit. Bauxite is a mineral ore used to make aluminum. Hematite is a mineral ore source for iron.

24. Uses For minerals Minerals in Your House(Web) Minerals in Your House Copper is used for coins, wires, pipes and cooking tools. Ilmenite and rutile are mineral ores which provide titanium. It is used for hip replacements, bicycles, and airplane parts

25. Science and Art Minerals are in paint pigments, crayons, pastels, chalks, clays, and glazes. Cinnabar is used for red. Malachite and Azurite are used for greens and blues. By Salvador Dali

26. Science and Art Lapis Lazuli is used for dark blues. Ochre is used for yellows and reds By Salvador Dali