1. Transport Layer 3-1 Chapter 3 Transport Layer Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley March 2012 Part 1: transport layer services, multiplexing/depmultiplexi ng, UDP

2. Transport Layer 3-2 Chapter 3: Transport Layer Our goals: r understand principles behind transport layer services: m multiplexing/demultipl exing m reliable data transfer m flow control m congestion control r learn about transport layer protocols in the Internet: m UDP: connectionless transport m TCP: connection-oriented transport m TCP congestion control

3. Transport Layer 3-3 Chapter 3 outline r 3.1 Transport-layer services r 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing r 3.3 Connectionless transport: UDP r 3.4 Principles of reliable data transfer r 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP m segment structure m reliable data transfer m flow control m connection management r 3.6 Principles of congestion control r 3.7 TCP congestion control

4. Transport Layer 3-4 Transport services and protocols r provide logical communication between app processes running on different hosts r transport protocols run in end systems m send side: breaks app messages into segments, passes to network layer m rcv side: reassembles segments into messages, passes to app layer r more than one transport protocol available to apps m Internet: TCP and UDP application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical logical end-end transport

5. Transport Layer 3-5 Transport vs. network layer r network layer: logical communication between hosts r transport layer: logical communication between processes m relies on, enhances, network layer services Household analogy: 12 kids sending letters to 12 kids r processes = kids r app messages = letters in envelopes r hosts = houses r transport protocol = Ann and Bill r network-layer protocol = postal service

6. Transport Layer 3-6 Internet transport-layer protocols r reliable, in-order delivery (TCP) m congestion control m flow control m connection setup r unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP m no-frills extension of “best-effort” IP r services not available: m delay guarantees m bandwidth guarantees application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical application transport network data link physical logical end-end transport

7. Transport Layer 3-7 Chapter 3 outline r 3.1 Transport-layer services r 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing r 3.3 Connectionless transport: UDP r 3.4 Principles of reliable data transfer r 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP m segment structure m reliable data transfer m flow control m connection management r 3.6 Principles of congestion control r 3.7 TCP congestion control

8. Transport Layer 3-8 Multiplexing/demultiplexing application transport network link physical P1 application transport network link physical application transport network link physical P2 P3 P4 P1 host 1 host 2 host 3 = process= socket delivering received segments to correct socket Demultiplexing at rcv host: gathering data from multiple sockets, enveloping data with header (later used for demultiplexing) Multiplexing at send host:

9. Transport Layer 3-9 How demultiplexing works r host receives IP datagrams m each datagram has source IP address, destination IP address m each datagram carries 1 transport-layer segment m each segment has source, destination port number r host uses IP addresses & port numbers to direct segment to appropriate socket source port #dest port # 32 bits application data (message) other header fields TCP/UDP segment format

10. Transport Layer 3-10 Connectionless demultiplexing r Create sockets with port numbers: DatagramSocket mySocket1 = new DatagramSocket(12534); DatagramSocket mySocket2 = new DatagramSocket(12535); r UDP socket identified by two-tuple: ( dest IP address, dest port number) r When host receives UDP segment: m checks destination port number in segment m directs UDP segment to socket with that port number r IP datagrams with different source IP addresses and/or source port numbers directed to same socket Note this! Different than TCP!

11. Transport Layer 3-11 Connectionless demux (cont) DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(6428); Client IP:B P2 client IP: A P1 P3 server IP: C SP: 6428 DP: 9157 SP: 9157 DP: 6428 SP: 6428 DP: 5775 SP: 5775 DP: 6428 SP provides “return address”

12. Transport Layer 3-12 Connection-oriented demux r TCP socket identified by 4-tuple: m source IP address m source port number m dest IP address m dest port number r receiving host uses all four values to direct segment to appropriate socket r Server host may support many simultaneous TCP sockets: m each socket identified by its own 4-tuple r Web servers have different sockets for each connecting client m non-persistent HTTP will have different socket for each request Note this! Different than UDP! Note that you can have multiple IP addresses on one NIC or multiple NIC on one machine. See: http://www.loadtestingtool.com/help/how-setup-ip.shtml Note that you can have multiple IP addresses on one NIC or multiple NIC on one machine. See: http://www.loadtestingtool.com/help/how-setup-ip.shtml

13. Transport Layer 3-13 Connection-oriented demux (cont) Client IP:B P1 client IP: A P1P2P4 server IP: C SP: 9157 DP: 80 SP: 9157 DP: 80 P5P6P3 D-IP:C S-IP: A D-IP:C S-IP: B SP: 5775 DP: 80 D-IP:C S-IP: B

14. Transport Layer 3-14 Connection-oriented demux: Threaded Web Server Client IP:B P1 client IP: A P1P2 server IP: C SP: 9157 DP: 80 SP: 9157 DP: 80 P4 P3 D-IP:C S-IP: A D-IP:C S-IP: B SP: 5775 DP: 80 D-IP:C S-IP: B

15. Transport Layer 3-15 Chapter 3 outline r 3.1 Transport-layer services r 3.2 Multiplexing and demultiplexing r 3.3 Connectionless transport: UDP r 3.4 Principles of reliable data transfer r 3.5 Connection-oriented transport: TCP m segment structure m reliable data transfer m flow control m connection management r 3.6 Principles of congestion control r 3.7 TCP congestion control

16. Transport Layer 3-16 UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768] r “no frills,” “bare bones” Internet transport protocol r “best effort” service, UDP segments may be: m lost m delivered out of order to app r connectionless: m no handshaking between UDP sender, receiver m each UDP segment handled independently of others Why is there a UDP? r no connection establishment (TCP: 3-way handshake) r simple: no connection state at sender, receiver (TCP keeps buffers, sequence no., ack, etc.) r small segment header (20 bytes for TCP, 8 for UDP) r no congestion control: UDP can blast away as fast as desired With UDP applications basically talk directly to IP

17. Transport Layer 3-17 UDP: more r often used for streaming multimedia apps m loss tolerant m rate sensitive r other UDP uses m DNS m SNMP* r reliable transfer over UDP: add reliability at application layer m application-specific error recovery! source port #dest port # 32 bits Application data (message) UDP segment format length checksum Length, in bytes of UDP segment, including header *Simple network management protocol Size varies from message to message

18. UDP problems r No congestion control, so the network can become congested r TCP does use congestion control r So when UDP floods the network, TCP (and applications using it) slows down. Transport Layer 3-18

19. Popular Internet Applications Transport Layer 3-19 ApplicationApplication layer protocol Underlying Transport protocol EmailSMTPTCP Remote Terminal access Telnet/SSHTCP WebHTTPTCP File TransferFTPTCP Remote file serverNFSTypically UDP Streaming multimediaTypically proprietaryUDP or TCP Internet telephonyTypically proprietaryUDP or TCP Network managementSNMPTypically UDP Routing protocolRIPTypically UDP Name translationDNSTypically UDP

20. Transport Layer 3-20 UDP checksum Goal: detect “errors” (e.g., flipped bits) in transmitted segment Result: UDP does error detection not error correction 1. may just discard a segment with errors 2. may pass it to the application with a warning.

21. Transport Layer 3-21 UDP checksum Sender: r treat segment contents as sequence of 16-bit integers r checksum: addition (1’s complement sum) of segment contents r sender puts checksum value into UDP checksum field Receiver: r compute checksum of received segment r check if computed checksum equals checksum field value: m NO - error detected m YES - no error detected. But maybe errors nonetheless? More later …. Goal: detect “errors” (e.g., flipped bits) in transmitted segment

22. Transport Layer 3-22 Internet Checksum Example r Note m When adding numbers, a carryout from the most significant bit needs to be added to the result r Example sender: add two 16-bit integers 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 wraparound sum Checksum (complement the sum)

23. Transport Layer 3-23 Internet Checksum Example r Note m When adding numbers, a carryout from the most significant bit needs to be added to the result r Example receiver: add two 16-bit integers plus the checksum: should get all 1’s (why?) 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 wraparound sum Checksum Result

24. UDP checksum r Why checksum in UDP when layer 2 checks for errors? m 1. Not all data layer protocols check for errors m 2. Data layer protocols cannot account for memory errors when the packet is waiting in a router. r UDP does not attempt to recover from errors m Some UDP implementations discard the packet m Some pass it to the application with a warning Transport Layer 3-24