7. James – Lang theory. Emotions are essentially physical in nature and bodily changes come before, and cause, emotional changes. It also suggests a mechanism through which we can come to know and empathise with other people’s feelings; we tend to mimic some of the physical expressions of the other person’s mood.

20. Perception Our perception of things can be coloured by strong emotionsOur perception of things can be coloured by strong emotions ‘Love is blind’‘Love is blind’ Reason Holding beliefs too strongly can prevent you from being open-mindedHolding beliefs too strongly can prevent you from being open-minded ‘my theory right or wrong’‘my theory right or wrong’ Language Powerful emotions lead us to use slanted and emotive languagePowerful emotions lead us to use slanted and emotive language @#$%**%^!!@#$%**%^!!

22. When we are in the grip of strong emotions, we tend not to reason in an objective way but to rationalise our pre-existing prejudices. We tend to rationalise when there is a conflict between to or more of our beliefs.

24. Prejudice Biased perception Fallacious reasoning Emotive language We can escape from this vicious circle only when being willing to question our prejudiced assumptions and consider other ways of looking at things

25. Biased perception Fallacious reasoning Emotive language Powerful emotions

26. How should we conceptualize this rational consumer whom all of us know and who some of us are, who in self-disgust grinds his cigarettes down the disposal swearing that this time he means never again to risk orphaning his children with lung cancer and is on the street three hours later looking for a store that’s still open to buy cigarettes; who eats a high-calorie lunch knowing that he will regret it, does regret it, cannot understand how he lost control, resolves to compensate with a low- calorie dinner, eats a high-calorie dinner knowing he will regret it, and does regret it; who sits glued to the T.V. knowing that again tomorrow he’ll wake early in a cold sweat unprepared for that morning meeting on which so much of his career depends; who spoils the trip to Disneyland by losing his temper when his children do what he knew they were going to do when he resolved not to lose his temper when they did it?

29. Tom. He is Susan’s coworker. A twenty-seven year old Industrial Engineer. He’s smart, has lots of friends and is really a people person. Tom lives in a very small apartment in the suburbs with his roommate Jack, a friend of his since Junior High. Tom has a three-year old son with his ex (although they are surely not together anymore)

30. In practice it is difficult to make a clear distinction between reason and emotion. There is a more-or-less continuum of mental activity running from the very rational to the very emotional. An emotion that is sensitive to the real nature of a situation is more rational than one that is not.

31. Paul has arranged to meet Tom at 3:00pm. Tom arrives at 3:02pm and apologises for being late. Rather than accept Tom’s apology, Paul starts screaming and shouting about Tom’s lack of consideration and completely loses his self-control.

32. The hospital phones Judy with some terrible news. Her boyfriend has been assaulted by some hooligans and is lying unconscious in the intensive care unit. ‘Oh dear’ she says, ‘that is annoying! I was hoping to play tennis this afternoon, but I suppose I had better come and visit him.’

39. Intuition. (sixth sense?) Intuition is the moment when you suddenly see the solution to a problem without going through any conscious process of reasoning. It describes not only flashes of creative insight but also our ‘sixth sense’ hunches of things.

46. Linda is thirty-on years old, single, outspoken, bright, and very much involved in social issues like disarmament and equal rights. Which of the following statements is more likely? a)Linda is a bank teller. b)Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement. If an unbiased coin is tossed six times in a row, which of the following sequences is more likely? a)Head-Tails-H-T-H-T b)H-H-H-H-H-H Take a football match with eleven players on each side and a referee. What are the odds of two people on the field sharing the same birthday? Briefly describe what will happen to the path of a ball after it is propelled through a spiral tube and shot out of the top of it? Imagine that you are standing on a large flat plain holding a bullet in your left hand and a loaded gun in your right hand. If you fire the gun horizontally and at the same instant drop the bullet from your left hand, which of the two bullets will hit the ground first? You and a friend have just spent $10 each to see a movie. After about half an hour, you both realise that it is really a bad movie. List some good reasons for staying until the end of the movie, and then list some good reasons for leaving after half an hour. Linda is thirty-on years old, single, outspoken, bright, and very much involved in social issues like disarmament and equal rights. Which of the following statements is more likely? a)Linda is a bank teller. b)Linda is a bank teller and is active in the feminist movement. If an unbiased coin is tossed six times in a row, which of the following sequences is more likely? a)Head-Tails-H-T-H-T b)H-H-H-H-H-H Take a football match with eleven players on each side and a referee. What are the odds of two people on the field sharing the same birthday? Briefly describe what will happen to the path of a ball after it is propelled through a spiral tube and shot out of the top of it? Imagine that you are standing on a large flat plain holding a bullet in your left hand and a loaded gun in your right hand. If you fire the gun horizontally and at the same instant drop the bullet from your left hand, which of the two bullets will hit the ground first? You and a friend have just spent $10 each to see a movie. After about half an hour, you both realise that it is really a bad movie. List some good reasons for staying until the end of the movie, and then list some good reasons for leaving after half an hour.

47. a) Is more probable than b) The probability for both is the same 0.508 The force of gravity will bring it down to the ground Both at the same time $10 should not be in the list, hat matters is just the time.

48. Natural Intuitions Educated Intuitions ≠ “Why coming to school and bothering doing homework, reading, writing… if everything I know has been granted to me through life?” Mysterious source of knowledge or laziness? Creativity is great but… knowledge on a certain field or relevant matter (relevant to the intuition), testing them against other intuitions and background data, as well as concentration are thoroughly important!

49. Intuition Background Knowledge Intellectual effort

50. Emotion How and why? Reason How and why? Perception How and why? Language How and why? KNOWLEDGE

51. Pick a character and make a deep analysis of him. ActionsEmotionsMotivations Unseen consequences What if’s…