1. The Moon

2. The Moon’s Surface Maria: –Smooth and dark –Patches of dark lava on the surface –Latin for sea Highlands: –Rough and bright –Composed of light colored rock Rilles –Deep channels that run through the maria –Resemble narrow channels –Can be 240km long Craters –Bowl shaped depressions from meteorite impacts Rays –Displaced material from meteorite impacts streaking out from impact craters

3. Moon Rock and Dirt Regolith –a.k.a. moon dirt –Depth from 1m to 6m –No water Lunar rock –Similar to earth rock –Si and O Anorthosites –Rocks from lunar highlands –Made of Ca and Al Maria rock –Basalts made of Ti, Mg, and Fe Breccia –Fragments of rocks melted together from meteorite impacts

4. The Moon’s Interior The moon has moonquakes The crust is 60km thick on the dark side and 100km thick on the side facing the earth Beneath the crust is a mantle made of dense rock 1,000km thick Core: 700km thick, probably solid…the moon has only a small magnetic field

5. Development of the Moon Giant impact hypothesis –A mars sized body (Orpheus) hits the earth early in its formation –Collision ejected fragments around the earth that coalesced into the moon –The moon was then covered with molten rock (2 nd stage) –The outer surface then cooled forming a crust which was then hit by meteorites. The impacts allowed lava to flow out and form the maria (3 rd stage) –Moon hasn’t changed much in 3 billion years

6. Movements of the Moon Moon orbits the earth in an ellipse –Apogee: farthest from the earth –Perigee: closest to the earth –Average distance: 384,000km Moon’s revolution is the same its rotation Moon’s revolution = 27.3 days As the moon goes around the earth it causes tides

7. Eclipses Eclipse: when one planetary body passes through the shadow of another –Shadow has 2 parts Umbra: where sunlight is completely blocked Penumbra: where sunlight is partially blocked Solar eclipse:moon is between earth and sun –Total solar eclipse: location on the surface of the earth falls under the umbra –Partial solar eclipse: location on the surface of the earth falls under the penumbra –Annular solar eclipse: happens when the moon is at apogee; the sun is not completely blocked out Lunar eclipse: earth is between the moon and sun –Can be total or partial –Moon appears red

8. Solar Eclipse

9. Total Solar Eclipse Next total solar eclipse in North America: the 21 st of August 2017 and the 8 th of April 2024 Mark your calendars now!

10. The Lunar Cycle

11. Calendars Day: amount of time it takes for the earth to go around once on its axis (24hrs) Month: the time it takes for the moon to go through one cycle of its phases (29.5 days) Solar year: the amount of time it takes for the earth to go around the sun (365.24 days) Gregorian calendar: what we use now –In 1580 the Julian Calendar (old way) was off by 10 days (each year was 11 min longer than reality) –October 1582 Pope Gregory XIII dropped 10 days –Current calendar accurate to 26 seconds longer in one year…off by 1 day every 3000 years

12. Satellites of Other Planets Mars –Phobos –Deimos Jupiter –Galilean moons Io Ganymede Europa Callisto Saturn –Titan Uranus –Miranda Neptune –Triton Pluto –Charon