1. APES Turn in Soil Lab Answer on a separate piece of paper:
Calculate how many liters of water are wasted in 1 month (30 days) by a faucet that leaks 2 drops of water per second.
How many gallons is this?
( 1 liter of water = about 3500 drops)
(1 liter = gallons)

2. Use Factor Label Method
2 drops x 60 sec x 60 min x 24 hour x 30 day 1 sec 1 min 1 hour 1 day 1 month _____ drops x 1 Liter = 1 month 3500 drops _____ Liters x gallons = 1 month 1 Liter

3. Water Resources
Ch. 13

4. Properties of Water HYDROGEN BONDS
Major factor in determining water’s unique properties
Strong molecular attraction between molecules

5. Hydrogen Bonds O H + -
Covalent bonds O H + - O H + -

6. Water’s Unique Properties
Liquid over wide temperature range
High boiling point 100°C (212°F)
Low freezing point 0°C (32°F)
Changes temperature slowly, high heat capacity
Helps protect organisms
Moderates the earth’s climate
Excellent coolant
High heat of evaporation
Absorbs heat as it changes into water vapor
Releases heat as vapor condenses

7. Water’s Unique Properties
Great dissolving power, Universal Solvent
Carries dissolved nutrients into tissue
Flush waste products out of tissue
All-purpose cleanser
Remove and dilute water-soluble wastes
Balances pH
Helps maintain balance between acids and bases by ionizing (releasing H+ or OH- ions)
Adhesion and cohesion
Surface tension
Wetting ability
Expands when it freezes
Ice floats – less dense in solid form

8. Oceans and saline lakes
Water, a vital resource
Fresh Water 2.6%
Salt water = 71% of earth
Oceans and saline lakes
97.4%

9. Water Footprints and Virtual Water
Volume of water we directly and indirectly
Average American uses 260 liters per day
Flushing toilets, 27%
Washing clothes, 22%
Taking showers, 17%
Running faucets, 16%
Wasted from leaks, 14%
World’s poorest use 19 liters per day

10. Water Footprints and Virtual Water
More water is used indirectly = virtual water
Hamburger, 2400 liters
Virtual water often exported/imported
Grains and other foods

11. Virtual Water Use = 1 tub = 4 tubs = 16 tubs = 17 tubs = 72 tubs
1 tub = 151 liters (40 gallons)
= 1 tub
= 4 tubs
= 16 tubs
= 17 tubs
Figure 13.A: Producing and delivering a single one of each of the products shown here requires the equivalent of at least one and usually many bathtubs full of water, called virtual water. A typical bathtub contains about 151 liters (40 gallons) of water. The average amount of water used to raise a single steer during its typical 3-year life from birth to slaughter and to market by an industrial producer would fill more than 20,000 bathtubs. This includes water used for providing the steer with food and drinking water and water used to clean up its wastes. It is not surprising that about 70% of the world’s water is used for irrigation, because it takes about 1,000 metric tons (900 tons) of water to produce 1 metric ton (0.9 ton) of grain. (Data from UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, World Water Council, Water Footprint Network, and Coca Cola Company) [Photos from Shutterstock; Credits (top to bottom: Kirsty Pargeter, Aleksandra Nadeina, Alexander Kallina, Kelpfish, Wolfgang Amri, Skip Odonnell, Eky Chan, Rafal Olechowski)]
= 72 tubs
= 2,600 tubs
= 16,600 tubs
Fig. 13-A, p. 321

12. Supply of Water Resources
Freshwater
Readily accessible freshwater
Biota
0.0001%
Rivers
Atmospheric
water vapor
0.001%
Lakes
0.007%
Soil
moisture
0.005%
Groundwater
0.592%
Ice caps
and glaciers %
0.014%
Most of remaining 2.6% locked up in glaciers, ice caps or too deep in ground water
If world’s supply of water was only 100L (26 gallons), our usable supply of fresh water would only be liter (2.5 teaspoons)
Water continually cycled through hydrologic cycle

13. Surface Water
Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation (transpiration included)
Flows into streams, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs

14. Sources of Surface Water
Surface Runoff
Water flowing off the land into bodies of water
1/3 of the world’s annual runoff
Stable source of water
Watershed (Drainage Basin)
Region from which water drains
2/3 runoff lost by seasonal flood – not available for use

15. Groundwater
Water that sinks into the soil and is stored in slowly flowing and slowly renewed underground reservoirs (aquifers).
Underground water in the zone of saturation below the water table
Aquifer-porous, water saturated layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock that can yield an economically significant amount of water

16. Groundwater
Water Table – top of zone of saturation, falls in dry weather, rises in wet weather
Zone of aeration – pores – may be moist, not saturated

17. Ground Water Resources
Flowing
artesian well
Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area
Precipitation
Evaporation and transpiration
Well requiring a pump
Evaporation
Confined
Recharge Area
Runoff
Aquifer
Stream
Infiltration
Water table
Lake
Infiltration
Unconfined aquifer
Confined aquifer
Less permeable material
such as clay
Confirming permeable rock layer

18. Groundwater
Aquifers
Confined – located between impermeable layers of rock
Unconfined – drains from porous rock above
Recharge Area – area of land through which water passes downward or laterally into an aquifer

19. Aquifers

20. Groundwater Reservoir Zones
As ground water moves through soil (infiltration) it can collect in one of two zones divided by the water table

21. Water Table
The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater.

22. Zone of Saturation Area where water fills ALL spaces between sediments
GROUNDWATER found HERE!

23. Zone of Aeration Also called unsaturated zone
Area where air fills ALL spaces between sediments
Located above the water table.

24. Movement of Groundwater through Soil can be described using two terms
Porosity
Permeability

25. Porosity & Permeability
Pore = Opening
Measure of empty space in a material
Storage ability
Space between the grains
High porosity = A LOT of empty space
Measured as a percentage
Ability of a material (soil) to transmit fluid
High permeability = water moves through it fast

26. Porosity

27. Permeability

28. Permeability

29. Use of Water Resources Agriculture Industry Domestic Power Plants
Humans use about 50% of runoff
United States
Industry 11%
Public 10%
Power
cooling
38%
Agriculture
41%
Agriculture
Industry
Domestic
Power Plants

30. Water use (cubic kilometers per year)
5,500
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Water use (cubic kilometers per year)
Total use
Agricultural use
Industrial use
Domestic use
Year

31. Water in the United States
Average precipitation (top) in relation to water-deficit regions and their proximity to metropolitan areas (bottom).
E. US = good precipitation, W = too little
Largest use in E = energy, cooling, manufacturing
W = irrigation 85%

32. Too Little Water – Shortages
Dry climate
Air circulation patterns
Drought
21 days+
Precipitation <70%
Increased evaporation
Desiccation
Drying of the soil
Water stress
Low per capita availability
Caused by increased population
Limited runoff levels
Acute shortage
Adequate supply
Shortage
Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million

33. Water Resource Problems
Flooding
Causes property damage
Development of flood plains (deforestation/industrialization)
Removes vegetation that traps/absorbs precipitation
surface runoff, erosion, risk of flooding

34. Water Resource Problems
2. Water Shortages
Reservoirs are stressed by overpopulation
Diverted water for irrigation of agriculture fields
Water for livestock who overgraze and erode soils

35. Water Resource Problems
3. Overdrawing of surface waters
Diversion of rivers/streams from their natural flow or pattern
EX. Mono Lake, CA
Stream Water diverted for use in LA, volume halved, salinity doubled. Ecosystem collapsed

36. Water Resource Problems
4. Aquifer Depletion
- Lowering of groundwater table can cause subsidence or sinking (sink holes)

37. Water Resource Problems
5. Salinization of Irrigated Soils