1. I-SEE Bath, 15.11.11 Brenda Boardman Emeritus Fellow ECI University of Oxford

2. Symptoms Debt: –Elderly dont get into debt: know they can never repay –Families will get into debt, to keep babies/ children warm Disconnections – strongly driven by utility policy. Always an alternative

3. GB disconnections

4. Excess winter deaths - England Year Excess deaths 1999-200045,650 2000-123,290 2001-225,790 2002-322,620 2003-421,930 2004-529,740 2005-623,740 2006-722,380 2007-823,290 2008-934,200 2009-10 24,000 http://www.statistics.gov.ukhttp://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/D7089.xls

5. Vulnerable Misleading descriptor 71% of 2008 English households contained someone who is: –elderly –Young (<16) –disabled or –long-term sick

6. Definition A household is in fuel poverty if it needs to spend more than 10% of its income on fuel to maintain a satisfactory heating regime and all other energy services 10% = UK definition Twice the median (as a proportion of expenditure) = possible EU definition

7. Affordable warmth 10% of income for all energy services Energy efficiency of the dwelling 24 hour mean internal temperature of 18°C and all other energy services }{

8. Fuel poverty, England $80/b $50/b $20/b Today?

9. Hills review - debate

10. Household expenditure on fuel UK 2007

11. Income + housing Low incomeHigh income Energy inefficient housing Energy efficient housing

12. Heating costs: low-income, pensioner couple Present £6.65 For adequate warmth a) existing poorly insulated home poor heating system £16.15 + £9.50 efficient heating system£10.35 + £3.70 b) well insulated home efficient heating system £5.65 - £1.00

13. Housing energy standards: fuel poverty and climate change

14. Transforming housing

15. Fuel poor pensioners England 2008 Fuel poor households Pensioner households 24% in fuel poverty 49%

16. Identification Simple method, for the doorstep, a passport, eg –receipt of a state benefit / pension Sophisticated method of monitoring Political decisions first, eg –priority for families or pensioners? –equivalisation –role of rent

17. Fuel prices and cost of government policy – 2008/9

18. Real problem: fuel prices World fuel prices rising, consistently Government policy paid through utility bills Liberalised market worsens fuel poverty utilities focus price reductions on active, profitable market = rich Poor left paying highest prices = Stronger regulation, more government concern for fuel poverty and new tariffs

19. Carbon emission factors

20. SAP and non-SAP Energy (kWh) £Carbon SAP: space and water heating, fixed lighting 85%58%68% Non-SAP: other lights, all appliances 15%42%32%

21. Synergies: fuel poverty and climate change In UK: Poorest people concentrated in worst housing Upgrade to super energy-efficient, low- carbon housing Fuel poverty = SAP 81 @ 1,200,000 pa Climate change = SAP 100 @ 680,000 pa

22. Low-carbon zones One per local authority Where fuel poor concentrated Ensure every home out of fuel poverty by 2013, SAP 81 Do street-by-street CHP + waste / community schemes

23. Who pays? Substantial costs At no capital cost to the poor Cannot identify the fuel poor No need to subsidise the rich Through fuel prices? Through income tax? Release the equity in the building?

24. Chesshire Lehmann Fund www.chesshire-lehmann.co.uk Thank you www.eci.ox.ac.uk www.eci.ox.ac.uk