1. Solid and Hazardous Waste Chapter 21 “Solid wastes are only raw materials we’re too stupid to use.” Arthur C. Clarke

2. Key Concepts Types and amounts of wastes Methods to reduce waste Methods of dealing with waste Hazardous waste regulation in the US

3. Wasting Resources Industrial and agriculture waste Municipal solid waste Fig. 21-2, pg. 526 US: 1,600 lb/person

4. Hazardous Wastes Contains one or more of 39 identified compounds Catches fire easily Reactive or explosive Corrodes metal containers

5. NOT Hazardous Wastes Radioactive wastes Household wastes Mining wastes Oil and gas drilling wastes Liquids containing organic hydrocarbons Cement kiln dust < 100 kg (220 lb) per month

6. Producing Less Waste and Pollution Waste management (high waste approach) Burying, burning, shipping Waste prevention (low waste approach) Reduce, reuse, recycle Chemical or biological treatment Burial

7. Dealing with Material Use and Wastes Fig. 21-3, pg 528

8. Dealing with Hazardous Wastes Fig. 21-4, pg 530

9. Solutions: Cleaner Production Ecoindustrial revolution Industrial ecology Closed material cycles Wastes become raw materials Biomimicry Refer to Solutions p. 533

10. Solutions: Selling Services Instead of Things Service-flow economy Uses a minimum amount of material Products last longer Products are easier to maintain, repair, and recycle Customized services needed by customers See Individuals Matter, pg. 534

11. Reuse See Solutions pg. 535 Extends resource supplies Maintains high-quality matter Reduced energy use Refillable beverage containers Reusable shipping containers and grocery bags

12. Recycling Fig. 21-6, p 535 Primary (closed-loop) Post consumer waste Secondary (open loop)

13. Characteristics of Recyclable Materials Easily isolated from other waste Available in large quantities Valuable Pay-as-you-throw garbage collection

14. Benefits of Recycling Fig. 21-7 pg. 536

15. Recycling in the US Centralized recycling of mixed waste (MRFs) Separated recycling Economic benefits Increasing recycling in the US See Case Study pg. 540

16. Case Studies: Recycling Aluminum, Wastepaper, and Plastics 40% of aluminum recycled in US Recycled aluminum uses over 90% fewer resources Paper: preconsumer vs. postconsumer recycling 10% or less of plastic recycled in US Plastics can be very difficult to recycle

17. Detoxifying Wastes Bioremediation Microorganisms break down wastes Phytoremediation Removal of wastes from the soil

18. Burning Wastes Mass burn incineration Air pollution Waste to energy Fig. 21-11, pg. 543

19. Burying Wastes Sanitary landfill Leachate collection Monitoring wells Emit greenhouse gases (CO 2 and methane) Space near where waste is produced

20. Sanitary Landfill Fig. 21-12, pg. 544

21. Deep-well Disposal Fig. 21-14, pg. 546

22. Hazardous Waste Landfill Fig. 21-16, pg. 547

23. Above Ground Hazardous Waste Disposal Fig. 21-17, pg. 547

24. Exporting Wastes Shipping to developing countries Potentially huge profits for exporters Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste Many developing countries refusing wastes

25. Case Studies: Lead Lead poisoning major problem in children Leaded gasoline (phased out by 1986) Lead paint (banned in 1970) Lead in plastics Lead in plumbing Progress is being made in reducing lead Primary Sources of Lead

26. Case Studies: Mercury Vaporized elemental Mercury Fish contaminated with methyl mercury Natural inputs Emission control Prevention of contamination

27. Case Studies: Chlorine Environmentally damaging and potential health threat Plastics Solvents Paper and pulp bleaching Water disinfection Many safer and cheaper substitutes are available Sources of Chlorine

28. Case Studies: Dioxins Potentially highly toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons Waste incineration Fireplaces Coal-fired power plants Paper productions Sewage sludge Sources of Dioxins

29. Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Superfund National Priority List Polluter-pays principle Brownfields See Solutions pg. 554

30. Solutions: Achieving a Low-Waste Society Local grassroots action International ban on 12 persistent organic pollutants (the dirty dozen) Cleaner production Improved resource productivity Service flow economies