1. Chapter 11 Section 2 Making Proteins

2. Section 11.1 Summary – pages 281 - 287 The importance of nucleotide sequences Chromosome The sequence of nucleotides forms the unique genetic information of an organism. The closer the relationship is between two organisms, the more similar their DNA nucleotide sequences will be.

3. Section 11.1 Summary – pages 281 - 287 DNA is copied during interphase prior to mitosis and meiosis. DNA is copied during interphase prior to mitosis and meiosis. It is important that the new copies are exactly like the original molecules. It is important that the new copies are exactly like the original molecules. Copying DNA

4. Section 11.2 Summary – pages 288 - 295 The sequence of nucleotides in DNA contain information. Genes and Proteins This information is put to work through the production of proteins.

5. What is the purpose of proteins? Food digestion. Food digestion. Compose muscle tissue. Compose muscle tissue. Break down glucose in cellular respiration. Break down glucose in cellular respiration. Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions in the body). Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions in the body).

6. Section 11.2 Summary – page 288 - 295 Thus, by encoding the instructions for making proteins, DNA controls cells. In fact, enzymes control all the chemical reactions of an organism. Genes and Proteins

7. RNA is a nucleic acid. RNA is a nucleic acid. Single-stranded. Single-stranded. Sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose). Sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose). In place of thymine, RNA has uracil. In place of thymine, RNA has uracil. RNA

8. How does RNA make proteins from DNA? 1. mRNA (messenger RNA) makes a copy of a portion of a DNA strand and brings it to the cytoplasm. (outside the nucleus). This is called transcription. 2. rRNA binds (ribosomal RNA) binds to the mRNA and uses the copied DNA (now called RNA) to assemble amino acids. 3. tRNA (transfer RNA) delivers the amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein. This is called translation.

9. Section 11.2 Summary – pages 288 - 295 What is the difference between transcription and DNA replication? What is the difference between transcription and DNA replication? Transcription and translation results in the formation of one single-stranded RNA molecule rather than a double-stranded DNA molecule. Transcription and translation results in the formation of one single-stranded RNA molecule rather than a double-stranded DNA molecule.