1. Biochemistry By: Amber Tharpe

2. pH scale goes from 0-14 A pH of 7 is neutral and an example is water Acids have a low pH (less than 7) Bases have a high pH (greater than 7)

3. Solute- substance that gets dissolved Solvent- liquid that dissolves the solute –Found in a greater amount in the solution

4. Water- We Love You By: Amber Tharpe

6. Water is Polar Polar- having a slightly positive end and a negative end H is a little + and O is a little -

7. Hydrogen Bonding Bond between the partially – O and the partially + H of another water molecule Relatively weak bond Caused by polarity Drawn by a dotted line http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/ animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/Biology1111/ animations/hydrogenbonds.html

8. Cohesion Water sticks to itself Due to H-bonding Reason for surface tension

9. Adhesion Water sticks to something else Due to H-bonding Reason for meniscus Reason for capillary action –Water can go up through plants roots to their leaves –Blood can move up from the feet back to the heart

11. Water is the Universal Solvent It dissolves most polar substances –Because water is polar

14. Why is Carbon so Important? Can form 4 covalent bonds –One on each side –Which produces a lot of complex molecules

15. Monomer The smallest basic unit of a macromolecule

16. Polymer A large molecule (macromolecule) of monomers linked together

17. 4 Macromolecules 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids

18. Carbohydrates Commonly know as sugars and starches Ex: glucose, fructose, lactose, glycogen Primary source of energy

20. Lipids Commonly known as fats, oils, and waxes Nonpolar and insoluble Store energy for long-term and used for protection and water proofing Ex: Fatty acids

21. Proteins Contain C, H, O, and N Amino acid monomers Linked together with peptide bonds Proteins fold into specific 3-D structure –Won’t work properly without this Used for building structures, regulating reactions, and transporting materials

23. Nucleic Acids Nucleotide monomers Stores genetic information in a code for making proteins Ex: –DNA- stores genetic information –RNA- used to make proteins

25. Enzymes

26. Chemical Reactions –Breaking and forming new chemical bonds

27. Chemical Reaction C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ReactantsProducts

28. Reactants –Substances you start with –The arrow points away from these Products –Substances you end up with –The arrow points towards these

30. Activation energy –Amount of energy that must be absorbed for a reaction to start

31. Catalyst –Substance that speeds up a reaction by decreasing the activation energy without being used up –Not changed in a reaction

32. Enzymes –Biological catalysts –are proteins

34. Why are Enzymes so Important? Helps reactions occur fast enough for organisms to maintain homeostasis Most are so important we can’t live without them

35. Substrate –Specific reactants that an enzyme binds to and acts on –Must fit exactly into the enzyme’s active site –Lock and key- complimentary fit The substrate and enzyme have a shape that allows them to fit tightly together to react

37. Active site –Place on an enzyme where the substrate binds

38. 4 Things that affect rxn rates: 1.Temperature 2.pH 3.Concentration of enzyme 4.Concentration of substrate

39. Temperature Increasing temp usually speeds up a reaction, up until a point when the enzyme gets denatured Denature –When certain bonds in a protein break, causing it to lose its 3-D shape

40. pH Enzymes work best at a certain range of pH Changing pH too much can cause denaturation

41. Concentration of enzyme and substrate The more enzyme, the more product, until all the substrate is used up The more substrate, the more product, until all the enzyme is bound to substrate