1. HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady state in the body despite changes in the external environment The steady state is the optimum level for the body functions Images from prezi © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

2. Introductory Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDy _p9912ao&feature=related

3. What needs to be kept in a specific range? Body Temperature Blood Pressure Blood pH O2 and CO2 Concentration Osmoregulation-Water Balance Blood Glucose

4. A system in homeostasis needs Sensors to detect changes in the internal environment A comparator which fixes the set point of the system (e.g. body temperature). The set point will be the optimum condition under which the system operates Effectors which bring the system back to the set point Feedback control. Negative feedback stops the system over compensating (going too far) A communication system to link the different parts together © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

5. A system in homeostasis needs Sensor Perturbation in the internal environment Return to normal internal environment EffectorComparator Sensor Negative feedback © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

6. Communication systems These should consist of the following components Linkage system Effector Reponse Sensor Stimulus © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

7. In animals there are two communication systems The endocrine system based upon hormones The nervous system based upon nerve impulses © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

8. Hormones Organic substances Produced in small quantities Produced in one part of an organism (an endocrine gland) Transported by the blood system To a target organ or tissue where it has a profound effect © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

9. The endocrine system The endocrine system produces chemical signals Each hormone is different and they travel relatively quickly through the blood stream all over the body Their effects may be very slow (e.g. growth hormone over years) Some are very fast (e.g. adrenaline which acts in seconds) © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

10. Nerve impulses All nerve impulses look the same So the nervous system sends signals along nerves to specific parts of the body The nerve impulses travel very quickly and affect their target tissues in milliseconds © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

11. The nervous system The nervous system is composed of excitable cells called neurones (also neurons) Neurones, characteristically, have long thin extensions which carry electrical nerve impulses This electrical signal of the nerve impulse needs to be converted into a chemical signal (a neurotransmitter) so that it can pass from nerve cell to nerve cell © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

12. The nervous system organisation A Central Nervous System (CNS) made of the brain and spinal cord… and peripheral nerves connecting it to sensors and effectors Stimulus Effector eg muscle or gland Central Nervous System Receptor or Sensor eg photoreceptor Sensory nerve Response Motor nerve © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

13. Hormone pathway Hormone secreted into the blood stream Endocrine cell Hormone stored in vesicles Hormone precursors Hormone synthesis Stimulus acts on receptor site or directly inside cell Chemicals stimulating the release of the hormone © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

14. Hormone pathway Hormone receptor site Target cell Metabolic effect © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS

15. Hormones Lipid-soluble hormones act usually by gene activation/deactivation. Examples of these hormones include Steroids Thyroid hormone Vitamin A (retinoic acid). The hormones are transported through the circulation in association with a hormone-binding protein and are soluble in the plasma membrane of the cell. They act on gene transcription (the synthesis of messenger RNA) rather than at the protein level. They act more slowly than do water soluble hormones, on the scale of days rather than minutes. Lipid Soluble Hormones http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter46/mechanism_of_steroid_hormone_action.ht ml Water Soluble Hormones http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt2r5R0ZO5U Adrenaline http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS_qMHPI0XM