2. the European Council of Doctoral Candidates and Junior Researchers Renzo Rubele President of Eurodoc 16 th EAIE Conference, session 8.12 Doctorates – a new action in the Bologna Process Torino, 18 th October 2004 A Wide Europe for Doctoral Candidates

3. Eurodoc is the federation of the national associations of PhD candidates and young researchers in Europe What is eurodoc ? Members Individualcontacts Applying for membership

4.  Bologna declaration, 1999  Lisbon strategy, 2000, "3% objective" in R&D  Knowledge-based society: a challenge for Europe Why was eurodoc founded ?  PhD candidates’ associations from Europe met in Uppsala, Sweden, in February 2001  Need for an official frame of representation and discussion at the European level  02-02-02  Foundation and 1 st annual meeting Eurodoc 2002 in Girona, Spain Eurodoc 2002 in Girona, Spain

5.  7-member Board  Annual Conference (Eurodoc 2004 in Athens)  Delegates representing countries from all Europe  Workgroups for a number of priority issues:  PhD Supervision & Training  International Mobility  Professional Future  Labour Conditions  Gender Equality  Communication How does eurodoc work ? www.eurodoc.net

6. Bologna Process with 3 tiers « […] Ministers consider it necessary to go beyond the present focus on two main cycles of higher education to include the doctoral level as the third cycle in the Bologna Process. […] Ministers call for increased mobility at the doctoral and postdoctoral levels and encourage the institutions concerned to increase their cooperation in doctoral studies and the training of young researchers. […] » Berlin Communiqué of Ministers, 19 th september 2003

7. The doctorate as the 3 rd cycle Problems  National and local traditions prevail – laws and rules vary a lot among departments and disciplines  To what extent might it be useful to introduce common structures? Similar practice? The ECTS credit system? The Diploma Supplement? Standards of quality and qualification frameworks? Evidence  Doctoral programmes are the link between Higher Education and Research  Everywhere in Europe candidates must defend a thesis in front of a committee, with original research

8. Germany25.780314 UK11.780194 France9.903163 Spain6.007150 Poland4.400110 Italy3.55762 Sweden3.049344 Netherlands2.483156 Finland1.891365 Austria1.790222 Portugal1.589158 Belgium1.147112 Chech Rep. 89587 Denmark913171 Hungary71772 Norway658147 Ireland501132 EU 15 70.175185USA44.808163 Japan12.19296 Korea6.143131 Canada3.978129 Australia3.687191 Switzerland2.733380 Ph.D. graduates in 2000 (absolute numbers and per million inhabitants) Source: OECD

9. Ph.D.s in Science & Technology (w.r.t. population aged 25-34) Source: DG Research, EC Key Figures 2003-2004

10. Pathways to a doctorate in Europe  Doctoral schools or unstructured training?  Selection and admission procedures: manifold  Role of the supervisor and responsibility of the institution  Quantity and quality of training: induction, development of disciplinary competences and of general professional and transferable skills  Qualification framework targeted for endogenous (academic) perspectives or market-oriented?  Assessment, programming  What is the ‘status’ of doctoral candidates? Students or workers (researchers)?

11. Norway Ph.D. candidates:  are all workers with regular employement contracts, and related rights (and duties)  are not students, do not need any registration to take courses Enrolment in a doctoral programme:  by signing a “Ph.D. contract” where supervisors, etc. are specified  Work contract and Ph.D. contract are 2 separate things, also in time  Worried about a “student-oriented” Bologna Process

12. United Kingdom Ph.D. candidates:  are all students enrolled in a graduate programme  are tipically funded with grants by external bodies (not by the University itself)  satisfied because of:  academic freedom enjoyed  consumer’s rights Claim:  supervisor-student relationship is not that of an employer-worker, and in (most of) continental Europe this [supervision] sounds like a feudal relationship

13. European features Germany: fragmented situation, “free” enrolment Spain: very much unsatisfied with the ‘student’ status France: worried for future prospects The Netherlands: employees, and contracted by Unions Poland: spectacular rise of Ph.D. candidates from 1,820 in 1989 to 28,272 in 2001 Russia: 2 degrees - candidate of sciences and doctor of sciences

14. Charter for Supervision and Training of Early Stage Researchers  Supervision arrangements  Review Methods  Confidential and Structured Feedback Mechanisms  Complimentary Training  Input to the European Researchers’ Charter

15. The mobility gradient in Europe  South-north and east-west  Environment for research  Economic treatment  Academia-industry relationships  Professional future  Visibility and social role All this is true in general for the Europe-USA relationship

16. Foreign Ph.D. candidates Source: OECD

17.  Family-related issues (10)  Financial issues (10)  Loss of reintegration prospects in the country of origin (9)  Bureaucratic/Administrative obstacles (6)  Language problems (5)  Social and Cultural problems (5)  Lack of information (5)  Difficult transfer of social benefits (4)  Lack of international networking (3)  Opposition by the supervisor (2) Reported obstacles to mobility

18. Which way to a European Doctorate?  Clerici vagantes  Today: European Higher Education Area, European Research Area, open market of researchers  Joint Degree Programmes, “co-tutelle” arrangements, periods of research abroad, international collaborations of the research group  Bologna Process: welcomed to shed light on the existing situation and foster the debate at institutional level  Support to the project “Doctoral Programmes for the European Knowledge Society”

19. eurodoc Annual Conference Annual Conference Strasbourg, 10-13 march 2005 Annual Conference Annual Conference Strasbourg, 10-13 march 2005 Contact: board@eurodoc.net Coming soon: http://2005.eurodoc.net