1. THE ROMAN EMPIRE GARDNER CHAPTER 10-3 PP. 254-259

2. LIVIA  Portrait bust of Livia, early 1 st century CE, marble, 1’1” high  Wife of Augustus  Sporting the latest Roman coiffure w/ hair rolled over forehead and knotted in back  Youthful appearance and sharply defined features derive from images of Greek goddesses  Coiffure changes in different portraits, but she never ages

3. ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE  Altar of Augustan Peace, Rome, 13-9 CE  Monument celebrates his greatest achievement -> est. of peace  Presents his new order as a Golden Age equaling Periclean Athens  Figural reliefs and acanthus tendrils adorn the walls  4 panels depict mythological subjects

4. ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE  Female personification/Tellus? (mother earth), panel from east façade of Ara Pacis  Seated mother w/two lively babies on her lap -> she epitomizes the fruits of the Pax Augusta  Earth in bloom, animals living side by side in peace, flanked by refreshing breezes -> a picture of peace and fertility  Procession of the imperial family, detail of south frieze of Ara Pacis  Inspired by the Panathenaic procession frieze of the Parthenon -> this depicts a specific event w/ recognizable figures  Augustus promoted marriage and child bearing -> art to promote social and political agendas

5. THE FORUM OF AUGUSTUS  His most ambitious project in Rome -> new forum built next to Julius Caesar’s forum -> white marble from Carrara in Italy, a new source -> from a city of bricks to a city of marble  Portrait statues of the Julian family lined the forum -> it becomes a kind of public atrium filled w/imagines

6. NIMES – MAISON CARREE  Maison Carree, Nimes, France, ca. 1-10 CE  Exceptionally well preserved Corinthian pseudoperipteral temple exemplifies the conservative Neo-Classical Augustan style

7. PONT-DU-GARD  Pont-du-Gard, Nimes, France, ca. 16 BCE  Aqueducts built to bring water from mountain sources to cities  Illustration of the skill of Rome’s engineers  Transported water 30 miles using gravity only -> gradual decline to move the water  3 story structure -> 82 foot arch span -> upper level has three arches above each arch below and carries the water channel  The structure is both practical and aesthetic

8. PORTA MAGGIORE  Porta Maggiore, Rome, Italy, ca. 50 CE  Double gateway that supports the water channels of two important aqueducts  Outstanding example of Roman RUSTICATED (rough) masonry popular under Claudius  Augustan style had been smooth precisely shaped Greek style blocks

9. NERO’S GOLDEN HOUSE  Severus and Celer, section and plan of the octagonal hall of the Domus Aurea/Golden House of Nero, Rome, Italy, 64-68 CE  NERO = stepson and successor of Emperor Claudius -> huge fire destroys large sections of Rome -> city is rebuilt using new concrete construction  Nero has constructed an extravagant country villa in the heart of the city  “Good, now I can at last begin to live like a human being!”