1. X-NANO X-ray Waveguiding in Nanochannels: Fabrication, Experimental Proof of Concept, and Analysis of X-ray Propagation The aim of this research project is to demonstrate experimentally X-ray waveguiding in nanochannels of various origins, such as carbon nanotubes and anodic porous alumina membranes, and to design new elements of X-ray optics for forming nanosized beams and beams of a large-aperture and small divergence. S. Dabagov, G. Cappuccio, G. Cibin, D. Hampai, L. Terranova, V. Sessa

2. Collaboration The project is formed by the groups of the following Institutes and Universities: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (Rome) University of Rome II “Tor Vergata” P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow) A.V. Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) Institute of Applied Physics Problems, Belarus State University (Minsk) Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Newcastle Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge Department of Electronic, Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Birmingham

3. Evolution of optics: from micro- down to nano GenerationKind of opticsSizes: length&channel&energy 1 st Assembled lens made of single capillaries1 m & 1 mm & ≤ 10 keV 2 nd Monolithic lens made of single capillaries10-30 cm & 0.1-1 mm & ≤ 10 keV 3 rd Assembled lens made of polycapillaries10 cm & 10-50  m & ≤ 20 keV 4 th Monolihic lens made of polycapillaries4-10 cm & 1-10  m & ≤ 50 keV 5 th Monolithic integral micro lens 1-3 cm & 0.3-1  m & ≤ 100 keV Micro capillaries Nanotubes MicroX-rays Nano  -rays (?)

4. Samples of X-Ray Nano-Optics Polycapillary technology Ordered alumina pore arrays

5. Samples of X-Ray Nano-Optics (a) Molecular model and transmission electron image of single wall CNT and its growth bridging metal patterns; (b) Curly multiwall CNT; (c) vertically aligned multiwall CNT; (d) arrays of multiwall CNT; and (e) CNT-based electron sources fabricated with Thales Research and Tech.

6. Basics: down to bulk photon and neutron channeling mmmm : grazing incidence optics : from nm to  m : surface channeling nm : diffraction angle approaches Fresnel angle : bulk channeling * Channeling: charged particles  crystals Example: e captured by the string potential (smeared atomic) Example: e - captured by the string potential (smeared atomic) averaged potential

7. Divergence – surface channeling

8. X-Ray channeling in nanotubes

9. Tasks @1. Synthesis Synthesis of films of aligned carbon nanotubes of various diameters and arrangement, and the multi-channel X-ray waveguides with large effective aperture ( Queens University, Belfast; Cambridge University; Nikolaev Institute ) @ 2. Characterization of Samples Elemental and structural analysis of the probe samples (Belarus and Cambridge Universities, Novosibirsk and Frascati Institutes) @ 3. Theory Theoretical analysis of the nano-channel X-ray waveguides operating ( Moscow, Newcastle, Birmingham and Frascati ) @ 4. Measurements Experimental analysis of X-ray radiation transmission by nanochannels (Daresbury, Frascati, Novosibirsk)

10. Starting & Budget @ Intended starting date: 1 February 2007 @ Duration: 24 months @ Total cost: k€ 105 (k€ 50) @ Researchers: S. Dabagov – 40% G. Cappuccio – 20% G. Cibin – 30% A. Esposito – 20% A. Grilli – 20% D. Hampai – 40% L. Terranova – 30% V. Sessa – 30%