1. Stars

2. I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’

3. During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy

4. During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy 2. There is nothing special about our Sun - it is quite ordinary among billions of other stars.

5. During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy 2. There is nothing special about our Sun - it is quite ordinary among billions of other stars. 3. Our galaxy is not the only one. There are billions of other galaxies.

6. During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy 2. There is nothing special about our Sun - it is quite ordinary among billions of other stars. 3. Our galaxy is not the only one. There are billions of other galaxies. 4. Our existence on Earth depends upon the Sun’s stability. Both the Sun and the Earth are quite mortal, and will not exist forever.

7. During the 20 th Century 1. Our Sun is not the center of our Galaxy 2. There is nothing special about our Sun - it is quite ordinary among billions of other stars. 3. Our galaxy is not the only one. There are billions of other galaxies. 4. Our existence on Earth depends upon the Sun’s stability. Both the Sun and the Earth are quite mortal, and will not exist forever. 5. The Universe is expanding.

8. Stars I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ B. The expanding Universe ‘how do we know?’

9. Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect

10. The “RED SHIFT”

11. THE BIG BANG THEORY The Universe is Expanding Everywhere - Everything is moving away from everything else. The “RED SHIFT” Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect

12. THE BIG BANG THEORY The Universe is Expanding Everywhere - Everything is moving away from everything else. The “RED SHIFT” Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect HUBBLE’ LAW Edwin Hubble: HUBBLE’ LAW - Galaxies are receding in every direction. Those furthest away are moving at the fastest rate: v = H d [H = 50 km/sec per megaparsec] Megaparsec = 3.26 x 10 6 Light Years

13. Stars I.Introduction A. Some ‘observations’ B. The expanding Universe C. Classifying Stars

14. HERTZPRUNG - RUSSEL DIAGRAM A Classification of Stars And The Evolution of Stars

15. HERTZPRUNG - RUSSEL DIAGRAM A Classification of Stars And The Evolution of Stars Luminosity (Brightness) vs. Surface Temperature See Fig. 14-6 in Text

16. Main Sequence Red Giants Super Giants White Dwarfs Black Dwarfs

17. II. The Life Cycles of Stars A. The Birth of Stars

18. Planetary Nebula

20. II. The Life Cycles of Stars A. The Birth of Stars B. The Main Sequence and the Death of Stars

21. II. The Life Cycles of Stars A. The Birth of Stars B. The Main Sequence and the Death of Stars 1. Our Sun Hydrogen burning (fusion) H + H  He

22. II. The Life Cycles of Stars A. The Birth of Stars B. The Main Sequence and the Death of Stars 1. Our Sun Hydrogen burning (fusion) H + H  He 1 H 2 + 1 H 2 = 2 He 3 + neutron + Energy

23. Hydrogen [H] is fusing to Helium [He] which accumulates in the core.

24. No Fusion in the core: results in less pressure pushing outward

26. Hydrogen [H] is fusing to Helium [He] which accumulates in the core. No Fusion in the core: results in less pressure pushing outward Greater mass concentration: Gravitational collapse inward which causes increased (100x) Hydrogen fusion of sun

27. Hydrogen [H] is fusing to Helium [He] which accumulates in the core. No Fusion in the core: results in less pressure pushing outward Greater mass concentration: Gravitational collapse inward which causes increased (100x) Hydrogen fusion of sun This event causes rapid expansion of the outer layers into a Red Giant.This causes a cooling of the outer portion of sun.

29. Helium [He] continues to accumulate at rapid rate in core until 100 million degrees is reached. Additional burning………

30. Helium [He] continues to accumulate at rapid rate in core until 100 million degrees is reached. Additional burning……… Helium burning (fusion) He + He + He  C

31. Helium [He] continues to accumulate at rapid rate in core until 100 million degrees is reached. Additional burning……… Helium burning (fusion) He + He + He  C 2 He 4 + 2 He 4 + 2 He 4 = 6 C 12 + Energy

32. Carbon accumulates in core continually…… ……. raising pressure, temperature and mass.

33. Carbon accumulates in core continually raising pressure, temperature and mass. Gravitational Forces Take over and Red Giant collapses to size of planet earth. Most H and He has been consumed and converted to Carbon

34. Carbon accumulates in core continually raising pressure, temperature and mass. Gravitational Forces Take over and Red Giant collapses to size of planet earth. Most H and He has been consumed and converted to Carbon Black Dwarf White Hot core of Carbon remains [White Dwarf] which will cool to a Black Dwarf

35. Carbon accumulates in core continually raising pressure, temperature and mass. Gravitational Forces Take over and Red Giant collapses to size of planet earth. Most H and He has been consumed and converted to Carbon White Hot core of Carbon remains [White Dwarf] which will cool to a Black Dwarf One Teaspoon weighs about 2000 pounds

37. II. The Life Cycles of Stars A. The Birth of Stars B. The Main Sequence and the Death of Stars 1. Our Sun 2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun

38. a. Red Giant collapses

39. 2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun a. Red Giant collapses b. Fusion continues He + He + He  C

40. 2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun a. Red Giant collapses b. Fusion continues He + He + He  C C  O  Si  Fe

42. 2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun a. Red Giant collapses b. Fusion continues He + He + He  C C  O  Si  Fe c. IMPLOSION!!!!!!

43. 2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun a. Red Giant collapses b. Fusion continues He + He + He  C C  O  Si  Fe c. IMPLOSION!!!!!! d. Supernova develops

44. Supernova

45. 2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun a. Red Giant collapses b. Fusion continues He + He + He  C C  O  Si  Fe c. IMPLOSION!!!!!! d. Supernova develops e. New Elements are created

46. 2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun a. Red Giant collapses b. Fusion continues He + He + He  C C  O  Si  Fe c. IMPLOSION!!!!!! d. Supernova develops e. New Elements form f. Neutron Stars and Pulsars

47. NEUTRON STAR - NEUTRON STAR - Electrons Driven into Protons of the Nucleus by unstoppable gravity

48. 20 - 30 km -Very Rapid Rotation - 1 Trillion Times Denser Than Sun - Not an element - Magnetic Field

49. NEUTRON STAR - NEUTRON STAR - Electrons Driven into Protons of the Nucleus by unstoppable gravity 20 - 30 km -Very Rapid Rotation - 1 Trillion Times Denser Than Sun - Not an element - Magnetic Field PULSAR - Neutron Star with strong electromagnetic beam, and rapid rotation.

50. PULSARS

52. II. The Life Cycles of Stars A. The Birth of Stars B. The Main Sequence and the Death of Stars 1. Our Sun 2. Stars ~4x mass of our Sun 3. Mega Stars (~6x mass of our Sun)

53. II. The Life Cycles of Stars 3. Mega Stars (~6x mass of our Sun) a. Same progression as before, but….

54. BLACK HOLE

56. BLACK HOLE - The Extreme- Only from Super Giants – Similar to Neutron Star but collapse continues to infinite Large Mass and Small Size. - Escape Velocity of Light Exceeded.

57. IN SUMMARY…..

58. Stars III. In the beginning……

59. COSMOLOGY COSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time.

60. BIG BANG BIG BANG : 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago

61. COSMOLOGY COSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time. BIG BANG BIG BANG : 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago 10 - 43 Sec after The Big Bang TEMPERATURE: 10 32 K

62. COSMOLOGY COSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time. BIG BANG BIG BANG : 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago 10 - 43 Sec after The Big Bang TEMPERATURE: 10 32 K 0.1 Sec: 100 billion K

63. COSMOLOGY COSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time. BIG BANG BIG BANG : 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago 10 - 43 Sec after The Big Bang TEMPERATURE: 10 32 K 0.1 Sec: 100 billion K 1.0 Sec: 10 billion K [ Protons & Neutrons can begin to form]

64. COSMOLOGY COSMOLOGY = Studies the beginning and the ending of cosmic time. BIG BANG BIG BANG : 15 to 20 Billion Years Ago 10 - 43 Sec after The Big Bang TEMPERATURE: 10 32 K 0.1 Sec: 100 billion K 1.0 Sec: 10 billion K [ Protons & Neutrons can begin to form] 1 Million Years: Temperatures drop where Electrons and Nuclei form atoms

65. BEFORE THE BEGINNING OF TIME ? Matter, Time, Space, Energy A “COSMIC EGG” ? Beyond Scope of Science