1. Spanish-American War Latin American Issues

2. Spanish-American War  1868 Series of Cuban revolts (Jose Marti)  Americans sympathetic  Because similar struggle in American Revolution  Geographically close  Media dramatized events

3. Maine  President McKinley reluctant to get involved  deLome letter ridiculed him  USS Maine mysteriously blew up > 260 died

4. The Philippines  U.S. attacked Spain in Philippines  American advantage with better ships & technology  U.S. won decisive victory (not 1 died vs. 400 Spanish deaths)  George Dewey planned attack at capital city (Manila)  Partner with Emilio Aguinaldo (rebel Filipino leader)  Spanish surrendered 1898

5. Cuba  U.S. recognized Cuban independence > Teller Amendment  Once Cuba free from Spanish, U.S. leaves gov ’ t to people  U.S. not as prepared for this war  Famous volunteers = Rough Riders  With persistence, Spanish troops in Cuba surrender & U.S. defeated troops in Puerto Rico

6. Results  Spain gave up claims to Cuba; ceded Puerto Rico & Guam  Gave Philippines to U.S. for $20 million  Cost U.S. $250 million & 2000 died (mostly from yellow fever)  U.S. annexed Philippines > Aguinaldo fought back > full independence 1946

7. Roosevelt ’ s Foreign Policy  Cuba – Platt Amendment:  Limited Cuba ’ s ability to sign treaties with others  US right to intervene  Required to sell/ lease land to US  Protectorate  Eventually repealed but Guantanamo Bay base maintained  Puerto Rico  Not protectorate but territory  1952 considered a “ self- governing commonwealth ” with U.S. controlling interstate trade, immigration & military affairs

8. Platt Amendment

10. Panama Canal  Faster route to connect Atlantic & Pacific Oceans  1880s French tried through Panama (controlled by Columbia) > bankrupt  1900s Secretary of State John Hay negotiate with Columbia but refused to ratify

11. Panama Revolution  Panamanians tried to break free from Columbia > Roosevelt supported  U.S. recognized Panama ’ s independence  Treaty allowed U.S. in 10-mile zone  Harsh conditions to build canal: yellow fever, malaria  Completed in 1914

12. Roosevelt Corollary  Late 1800s Europe & U.S. invested money into Latin America  1904 Dominican Republic unable to pay Europe debt >  U.S. fears Europeans will use force >  Roosevelt Corollary  Big Stick Policy  Pledge to use military force to prevent Europe from taking control  Stability in Latin America

15. Diplomacy  Taft  US involvement in Latin America deepened > protect U.S. interests  Taft suggested U.S. buy out European loans  1914 U.S. invested $1.6 billion  Substitute dollars for bullets > Dollar Diplomacy  Wilson  Moral Diplomacy: use of persuasion & American ideals to advance U.S. interests