1. Immigration & religious diversity in Spain Josep Buades Fuster SJ

2. THE SPANISH SOCIETY AFTER THE LAST IMMIGRATION WAGES

3. Composition of the Spanish society Municipal registers 01/01/2013 TOTALBorn in Spain Born in other countries TOTAL47.129.78340.489.2476.640.536 Spaniards41.583.54540.019.6651.563.880 Aliens5.546.238469.5825.076.656

4. 20 main countries of nationality and birth at the Spanish society Municipal registers 01/01/2013 Country of nationality Country of birth Country of nationality Country of birth Romania 870.258797.378 Portugal 129.079111.381 Morocco 792.158643.240 France 117.82998.232 United Kingdom 385.179362.008 Peru 110.156111.268 Ecuador 263.498248.324 Argentina 98.351150.829 Colombia 222.542222.978 Dominican Republic 92.98189.499 Italy 192.43198.753 Brasil 91.82896.125 Germany 181.900164.519 Ucrania 89.35182.815 China 181.701150.697 Paraguay 83.38682.114 Bolivia 173.702164.672 Pakistan 81.36576.304 Bulgaria 168.997158.118 Poland 79.00972.186

5. ALLOWED TO IDENTIFY NATIONALITY AND RELIGIOUS BELONGING? Basic question

6. A common place: Spaniards as being Catholic or “priest-eater” Similar common places for other nationalities: Romania, Pakistan, Ecuador, Colombia, China, France... A simple observation: religious diversity has become much more visible in Spain while increased residential and labour immigration Some places of worship directly related to other countries religious establishment: Saudi mosques, National Protestant Churches chaplaincies..

7. According to the Constitution, religious communities duly inscribed at the Ministry of Justice have Spanish nationality, whatever be the nationality of their members The public management of religious diversity is a constitutional duty, can be an excellent tool to build up an intercultural society and in a lesser degree implies diplomatic intervention

8. RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION AT THE SPANISH SOCIETY Sociological barometer. CIS October 2013

9. How do you define yourself in religious matters? Catholic 70.4% A faith other than the Catholic 2.4% Unbeliever 15.9% Atheist 10.1% Do not answer 1.3%

10. DISPLAY OF RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS IN SPAIN

11. Christian Catholic Church Roman Catholics: – Roman rite – Hispanic rite Greek Catholics – Ukrainese – Romanian Oriental Catholic Churches: Maronite Coptic Catholic …

12. Christian Orthodox Churches Patriarchate of Romania: Diocese of Spain and Portugal Patriarchate of Moscow and all Russia: Diocese of Querosene Patriarchate of Bulgaria: Diocese of Western Europe Patriarchate of Serbia, diocese of France and Western Europe: patronizing the so called Spanish Orthodox Church

13. Christian Protestant Churches Anglican Communion: – The Church of England’s chaplaincies – The Spanish Episcopal Reformed Church – The Traditional Anglican Communion (seeking the full communion within the Catholic Church) Lutheran Churches: – Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish... chaplaincies – Spanish Lutheran Church

14. Christian Protestant Churches Reformed, Presbyterian, Calvinist Churches: – Dutch, Chinese, Korean... Chaplaincies – Spanish Evangelical Church (Presbyterian and Methodist background)

15. Christian Evangelical Churches Baptist Churches: – UEBE (Spanish Evangelical Baptist Union) – FIEIDE (Spanish Independent Evangelical Churches Federation) – Fully independent Churches of Baptist background – Some Romanian Baptist congregations Brother’s Assemblies (Plymouth)

16. Christian Evangelical Churches Pentecostal Churches: – Asambleas de Dios – Iglesia Evangélica Filadelfia – Iglesia Cuerpo de Cristo – Forthsquare Gospel – United Pentecostal Church in Europe – Many others – Messianic

17. Christian Evangelical Churches Salvation Army Interdenominational Churches Charismatic Churches Other Evangelical Churches

18. Other Churches identified as Christian The New Apostolic Church The Christian Adventist Church of the Seventh Day The Church of Jesus Christ of the Saints of the Last Day Jehovah’s Witnesses

19. Jewish communities Orthodox Masorti Lubavitch Reformed

20. Islamic communities Sunna Chi’a Ahmady Community of Islam Sufi tariqat: Boudchichiya, Tijaniya, Murid…

21. Eastern religions Baha’i Bhuddist: – Northern Mahayana: vajrayana, Nyigmapa, Kagyu, Sakyapa and Gelupka. – Eastern Mahayana: Zen and Soka Gakkai – Theravada – Western Bhuddist Order Hindu: Advaita vedanta, vaisnava… Sikh

22. Other faiths Odinist The Church of Guanche’s People Lectorium Rosacrurcianum Kimbanguists Scientology Gnostic groups

23. A DIACHRONIC OUTLOOK ON RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY IN SPAIN XVIII th -XXI st Centuries

24. XVIII th Century British rule over Minorca: an exception to the Catholic identity of Spain? Anglican chaplaincies for British militaries. Some complains of the Spanish Crown about the presence of some Jewish merchants and the construction of a Greek Orthodox chapel.

25. XIX th Century Liberalism and constitutionalism: end of the Holy Court of the Inquisition Constitutional waves: Roman Catholicism as official religion, diverse degrees of tolerance, a single Constitution allowed freedom of worshipping. Protestant missionaries and colporteurs: British, Swedish, American British firms and engineers (mining...) at the origin of some Protestant communities Evangelical Churches settled in Spain: Episcopal, Presbyterian-Methodist, Baptist, Brothers

26. XX th Century 1/3 Very few immigrants: first Hindus at the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla Spanish protectorate on Northern Morocco and other territories (Sidi-Ifni, Western Sahara): Muslim and Jewish subjects. Some Anglican chaplaincies for tourists and residents General Primo de Rivera: 1 st recognition of Spanish citizenship to Sephardic Jewish. Very few cases Alphonse XIII: official Catholicism and religious tolerance II Republic: constitutional laicism + freedom of worshipping; public commitment of some Evangelical leaders.

27. Franco’s dictatorship - I (1936-1953) Moorish support to Franco: religious respect toward them at the Moroccan territories and at the Peninsula. First return of Sephardic Jews to Spain from Northern Africa and refugees from II WW Political harassment on Evangelicals and other religious minorities: “national-Catholicism”, + Republican and freemason background of some prominent Evangelicals.

28. Franco’s dictatorship – II (50s) Military agreements with the USA: freedom of worshipping recognised to American militaries on shared bases; discreet pressure on the Spanish authorities to leave alone religious minorities (Evangelical, Mormons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Baha’i) Independence of Morocco: more Sephardic Jews return to Spain

29. Franco’s dictatorship- III (60s-1975) Bigger wage of tourists and European residents Foreign residents: “Pied-noirs” from Algeria (French citizens of Spanish origin or Sephardic) II Vatican Council: Christian Ecumenism and Religious Freedom. First development of collaboration between the Catholic Church and some European Protestant Churches, not with Spanish Evangelicals. Franco’s Regime, as Catholic, obliged to recognise religious freedom: 1967 Law. Openness to Arab students from Palestine, Egypt and Syria (mainly after 1967): later on, leaders of Islamic communities First Evangelical gypsies: Iglesia Evangélica de Filadelfia

30. Democracy (70s-80s) More tourists and European residents From restraint to full religious freedom: Constitution (1978) and the Religious Freedom Organic Law Growth of Jehovah’s Witnesses

31. 1990-2014 Immigration 1992 Agreements between the State and: Israelite, Islamic and Evangelical federations. 2004: creation of “Fundación Pluralismo y Convivencia” to promote religious freedom, sponsor initiatives undertaken by religious communities other than Catholic and to know religious diversity in Spain. Many new religious communities and entities Registered at the Ministry of Justice

32. SOME QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER REFLECTION

33. Cosmopolitan vs. ethnic communities Dealing with “the usual” and newcomers Economic crisis, management of community premises and other communities Mixed families Religious community, social services, cultural integration, intercultural relations, intercultural mediation Interfaith relations