1. What is Evolution? Variation exists in all populations Variation is inherited Evolution is heritable changes in a population over many generations. Descent with modification Evolution is change in allelic frequency

2. Mechanisms of Evolution Natural Selection (Darwinism) individuals with favorable variations (traits) better survive and reproduce. The genes (inherited variation) of the successful individuals increase in frequency in subsequent generations. Survival of the fittest Genetic Drift Natural Selection (Darwinism) individuals with favorable variations (traits) better survive and reproduce. The genes (inherited variation) of the successful individuals increase in frequency in subsequent generations. Survival of the fittest Genetic Drift

3. Evolutionary Theory does not: Propose the origin of life. “There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved.” Charles Darwin, 1859, The Origin of Species Specify a rate of evolution Propose the origin of life. “There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved.” Charles Darwin, 1859, The Origin of Species Specify a rate of evolution

4. Points to Remember Populations Evolve Individuals do not Mutations are random, selection is not Populations adapt to new environments Individuals acclimate Populations Evolve Individuals do not Mutations are random, selection is not Populations adapt to new environments Individuals acclimate

7. Sahiwal

8. Tharparkar

10. Genotypic Frequencies of Indian Dairy Cattle AA = 0.031 AB = 0.276 BB = 0.693 AA = 0.023 AB = 0.733 BB = 0.244 What are the allelic frequencies of each breed?

11. Allelic Frequencies of Indian Dairy Cattle A = 0.17 B = 0.83 A = 0.39 B = 0.61 What are the expected genotypic frequencies of each breed?

12. Expected Genotypic Frequencies of Indian Dairy Cattle Expected AA = 0.029 AB = 0.282 BB = 0.689 How do you interpret these results? Expected AA = 0.152 AB = 0.476 BB = 0.372 Observed AA = 0.031 AB = 0.276 BB = 0.693 Observed AA = 0.023 AB = 0.733 BB = 0.244 How would test for significance?