1. Mergers, Acquisitions and Export Competitiveness: Experience of Indian Manufacturing Sector Researcher: Mishra Pulak, Jaiswal Neha Publishing Year: 2012 Presented by: Nushrat Jahan Jeni Student Id: MSS 131510 Economics Discipline Khulna University Khulna

2. Introduction  In the context of economic reforms in general and subsequent wave of M&A in particular, this paper attempts to examine the impact of M&A on the export competitiveness of firms in the Indian manufacturing sector.  The process of economic reforms initiated since 1991 in general and changes in industry, investment and competition related policies in particular have resulted in a significant increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in Indian corporate sector.  The wave of M&A in Indian corpoate sector, particularly during the 1990s has led to introduction of a number strict provisions relating to regulation of M&A under the Competition Act 2002.

3.  The industries with larger number of M&A have greater penetration in the international Market.  The other factors that have significantly contributed to export competitiveness include the presence of MNCs and import of foreign technology.  Export competiveness is higher in the industries that have larger presence of MNCs and greater foreign technology purchase intensity.  On the other hand, industries with higher capital intensity or greater selling efforts by firms have limited penetration in the international market.

4. Objectives of the study  The objective of the present paper is to examine the impact of M&A on competitiveness of the firms.

5. Theoretical Model of Competitiveness It is assumed that export competitiveness (EXP) of the firms in an industry is determined by the degree of sellers’ concentration (CON), competition from imports (IMP), presence of the MNCs (MNC), capital intensity (CI), in-house R&D efforts (R&D), purchase of foreign technology (FTPI), mergers and acquisitions (M&A), selling efforts (SELL), and financial performance (PROF), i.e., EXP = f (CON, IMP,MNC,CI, R & D, FTPI,M & A, SELL, PROF)

6. Here, market concentration, import competition, MNC participation, and capital intensity are expected to control structural aspects of the market, in-house R&D, technology imports, mergers and acquisitions, and selling efforts for conducts of the firms, and profitability for their performance. In addition, MNC and M&A can control for the impact of investment and competition related policies, whereas IMP is likely to proxy for changes in trade policies. Similarly, R&D and FTPI can capture effects of policy changes relating to innovation and foreign technology purchase.

7. Methodology and Data The above function is estimated by using panel data estimation techniques for a set of 33 industries of Indian manufacturing sector over the period from 2000-01 to 2007- 08. Estimation of the function by using of panel dataset not only helps in raising the sample size and thereby the degrees of freedom and efficiency of the estimates considerably, it can also capture the process of adjustment in different industries over the period of time. In addition, use of panel data brings in more sample variability and, therefore, severity of the problem of multicollinearity is less likely.

8. This is very important for having a better understanding the impact of M&A on export competitiveness of the firms. Necessary data are collected from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), India. While the data on M&A are compiled from the Business- Beacon database of CMIE, the data on rest of the variables are sourced from its Prowess Database. Three models, viz., the pooled regression model, the fixed effects model (FEM), and the random effects model (REM) are estimated for both the measures of market concentration. While the pooled regression model assumes that the intercept as well as the slope coefficients are the same for all the 33 industries, in the FEM the intercept is allowed to vary across the industries to incorporate industry-specific characteristics.

9. In the REM, on the other hand, the intercept of an industry is expressed as a deviation from the constant population mean. This means that the choice amongst the pooled regression model, the FEM and the REM is very important as it can largely influence conclusions on the individual coefficients. The restricted F-test is applied to choose between the pooled regression model and the FEM. On the other hand, Breusch and Pagan (1980) Lagrange Multiplier test is carried out to make a choice between the pooled regression model and the REM.

11. Tab. 2 - Regression Results with the HHI as the Measure of Market Concentration.

12. Tab. 3 - Regression Results with the GRS Index as the Measure of Market Concentration.

13. Note: **Statistically significant at 1 percent; *Statistically significant at 5 percent.

14. Regression Results The regression results have important implications for Indian manufacturing sector. First, firms can enhance export competitiveness through mergers and acquisitions. Second, market concentration does not have any significant impact on export competitiveness of the firms. Third, competition from imports does not necessarily enhance export competitiveness of the firms. Import competition may enhance efficiency and may create opportunity for greater exports for the larger firms, but it can also squeeze opportunities for the small firms in the domestic market forcing them to leave the industry

15. Conclusions The industries with larger number of deals of M&A have greater export competitiveness. Export competiveness is also higher in the industries that have larger presence of the MNCs and greater foreign technology purchase intensity. On the other hand, industries with higher capital intensity or greater selling efforts by the firms have limited penetration in the international market. However, the present paper does not find any significant influence of market concentration, competition from imports, in house R&D efforts, and profitability on export competitiveness of the firms.

16. Thanks to all