1. Experience History Chapter 10
The Opening of America
Experience History
Chapter 10

2. Expansion and Migration
American perspective shifts from Europe to West after 1815
Land perceived as rich, unsettled
Continent held in part by the English, Spanish, and Indians

3. Extending the Boundaries
John Quincy Adams--expansionist secretary of state from 1816 to 1824
Adams-Onis Treaty secures all Florida, U.S. boundary to Pacific
Settled "West" still mostly east of Mississippi River

4. North America, 1819

5. Settlement to the Mississippi: Indian Removal
Indian Removal policy begins after 1815
Some Indians retain tribal homelands
Some Southern states claim jurisdiction over the Indians in their borders
Former Indian land sold to speculators

6. Settlement to the Mississippi: Settlers Move In
By 1840 over 1/3 of U.S. population lives west of the Appalachians
Speculators sell land parcels to settlers on credit
Settlers immediately enter commercial farming to pay off debt
Access to markets gained by network of market towns, regional centers

7. The People and Culture of the Frontier
West settled to escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil
Settlers bring culture with them
Cooperation, strong community necessary for survival
Land values rise rapidly in a few years
Price rise encourages rootlessness as many sell out and move on

8. The Market Revolution The New Nationalism
New generation of political leaders
Era of Good Feeling
Support for national internal improvements
The Cotton Trade
Invention of cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney dramatically altered southern agriculture

10. Emergence of a Market Economy
Canals cut shipping expenses for western farmers and eastern manufacturers
Steamboats on the rivers also reduced shipping costs and stimulated commercial agriculture

11. Roads and Steamboats
National Road from Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia
Private turnpikes built by entrepreneurs
Roads useful but unprofitable

12. Roads and Steamboats (2)
Network of rivers encourage economic development
Flatboats transport down river early
Steamboats transport upriver after 1811
Upriver capabilities reduce costs
Steamboat traffic stimulates Congress to establish safety regulations

13. The Canal Boom
Erie Canal first transportation link between East and West, 1825
Canal cuts East-West transportation costs dramatically
Canal stimulates commercial growth of New York City

16. A Revolution in Transportation
Primitive land transportation in the East was offset by shipping via the coastal waterways
After the War of 1812 political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s transportation network

17. The Beginning of Commercial Agriculture
Lower transportation costs mean greater income for the farmer
Sale to distant markets involves farmers in a complex system of credit
Market stimulates specialization
Ohio Valley produces wheat
Lower South produces cotton

18. Commerce and Banking
Commercial farming stimulates new system of marketing
Farmers borrow on future crops
Use of credit stimulates banking
State banks increase after 1812
1816--Second Bank of the United States created to check state banks
Bank’s easy credit sparks Panic of 1819

19. Early Industrialism Rise in manufacturing after 1812
Traditional methods but innovative financing through “putting out” system
“putting-out”--merchants deliver raw materials for farm families, artisans to process
Textile industry leads development of factory system

20. The Rise of Factories Technological Advances
Small-scale manufacturing through factories and cheap transportation
Acceptance of technology-from the US Patent Office granted more patents than England and France combined
Interchangeable parts
Communication-Morse invents the telegraph

21. The Postal System Textile Factories
Remote areas connected to the rest of the country through the postal system
US had an extensive postal system
Textile Factories
Lowell: the first fully integrated textile factory
Hard work in the mills: 6 days a week with 30 minutes for noon meal
Transformation of Lowell from native-born workers to Irish immigrants causing declining wages

24. The Politics of Nation Building After the War of 1812
Politics a one-party system after 1812
Interest groups no longer take differences into the political arena
Federal executive, legislature largely irrelevant to domestic economy
Supreme Court exerts influence on economy by deciding crucial cases

25. The Shoe Industry The Labor Movement
Lynn as the center of shoemaking: Massachusetts town’s population doubled every 20 years
Wages reduced because of number of employees needed
In a little more than a generation shoemaking ceased to be a craft
The Labor Movement
1834: National Trades’ Union formed
Strength of labor unions collapsed with the depression following the Panic of 1837

26. The Republicans in Power
Republicans begin adopting Federalist measures after War of 1812
1815: establish high tariffs
1816: charter a national bank
federal aid for internal improvements
Federal efforts to stimulate economy falter
Madison, Monroe see Constitutional conflicts
Efforts provoke sectional conflict

27. Monroe as President
James Monroe elected President in 1816, reelected in 1820
Monroe seeks national harmony
Takes no action in Panic of 1819, believes president above such matters
Provides no leadership controversy over Missouri

29. The Missouri Compromise: The Issues
1817--Missouri applies for statehood as slave state
Northerners believe South over-represented in House of Representatives
House rejects unless slavery abolished
South wishes to preserve balance between slave states and free states

30. The Missouri Compromise: The Solution
Missouri admitted as slave state
Maine admitted as free state
Slavery banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36E30'
Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North and South

31. The Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821

32. Postwar Nationalism and the Supreme Court
John Marshall chief justice
Marshall uses position to encourage national growth
Believes Constitution exists to protect the industrious
Protects individual property rights against government interference
Marshall uses court decisions to limit powers of the states

33. Marshall’s Motives
Promote Nationalism in spite of Election of 1800 and the rise of Jefferson.
Strengthen the federal government at expense of the states.
Strengthen the court at the expense of President.
Advance the interests of the commerce class.
Protect free enterprise from state control.
Protect the sanctity of contracts.
Promote economic growth and industrialization.

34. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
ISSUE: The Georgia Leg. gave large amount of land to Yazoo Company (bribes) A year later, after election, wanted land back.
Land grant contracts can not be repealed, SC.
PRECEDENT: Made Contracts “sacred”.
Power of the Court to overrule decisions made by the states.
Judicial Review of State Laws – “NATIONAL SUPREMACY CLAUSE”

35. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
ISSUE: Southern States seek to limit the power of the National Bank.
Maryland placed a high tax on the Bank.
SC: Bank is Constitutional, necessary and proper clause.
PRECEDENT: Loose interpretation of the Constitution, esp. necessary and proper clause.
States can not tax federal institution.
Supremacy Clause.

36. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
ISSUE: NY gave Ogden monopoly over Hudson River Ferry Service.
US gave Gibbons control of the same river.
State monopolies are worthless.
PRECEDENT: State power to grant monopolies is limited.
Federal supremacy over-interstate commerce.
Loose interpretation of the Constitution, federal government regulates inter-state commerce.

37. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: The Monroe Doctrine
When Latin American nations revolt, U.S. supports new republics
European ruling classes fear rebellion might prove contagious
France was encouraged to squelch Spain's rebellious colonies
Great Britain asks U.S. to cooperate against French in Latin America

38. Nationalism in Foreign Policy: Monroe Doctrine (2)
Monroe persuaded that U.S. alone must protect Latin American independence
1823--Monroe Doctrine warns European nations out of the Western Hemisphere
Doctrine also promises U.S. will not interfere in European affairs
Refocuses U.S. from worldwide struggles against tyranny to national development

39. Prosperity and Anxiety
The Panic of 1819
National depression
Debts became hard to pay for both city dwellers and rural Americans
The Missouri Crisis
Missouri Compromise shows sectional discord
Americans looked to take more direct control of the government