1. “The Planting of English America”
Chapter 2
“The Planting of English America”

2. Colonization in Early 1600s
1610 – Sante Fe – Spanish
1608 – Quebec – French
1607 – Jamestown - English

4. England and Exploration
North America in 1600 was largely unclaimed, though the Spanish had much control in Central and South America.
Issues in England kept them from exploring
King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and launched the English Protestant Reformation.
After Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became predominantly Protestant, and a rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified.

5. Spain Vs. England
England wanted what Spain had – money, gold , land, power and prestige.
Sea Dogs led by Francis Drake stole from Spanish ships
King Philip was livid after Drake raided Spanish ships on the west coast of South America
Philip ordered the building of the Spanish Armada

6. Sir Francis Drake Queen Elizabeth's favorite sea dog
Stole from the Spanish and eventually circumnavigated the world.

7. Drake’s Golden Hind
English explorer Francis Drake sailed around the world between 1577 and 1580 in his galleon the Golden Hind. On his voyage Drake was able to seize large amounts of treasure from Spanish possessions in South America. As a result of his success, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I of England. This replica of Drake’s galleon can be seen on the Thames River in London.
Joel W. Rogers/Corbis

8. Spanish Armada
The Spanish fleet sailed on July 12, It consisted of 128 ships carrying 29,522 sailors. The British fleet consisted of 116 large ships and numerous coastal vessels
The Armada was defeated by the English and Sir Francis Drake.
Many ships were lost in the battle and because of storms on the way back to Spain
About half of the ships returned to Spain
Turning point in history because now the English had confidence to pursue colonization in the New World
Spain’s invincibility was shattered

9. Reasons for Emigration
Britain’s population was mushrooming.
Farmers were forced off the land
Economic depression hit the woolen trade in the late 1500s
Primogeniture – decree that only the oldest son was eligible to inherit landed estates
By the 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected, being a forerunner to today’s corporations
Confidence because of the victory over the Spanish Armada

10. Early English Colonization
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Attempted to settle in Newfoundland with a charter from king.
Lost at sea
Sir Walter Raleigh
Gilbert’s half brother
Given Gilbert’s charter
Hired John White to take a group to Roanoke Island to set up first English colony
“Lost Colony”

11. Roanoke Island

12. 3. Jamestown Started by a The Virginia Company, a joint stock venture
King James I gave a charter to Virginia Company
Company hired young, strong men to mine for gold and make money for the stock company
Settled in a low swampy area protected on three sides by water
Stagnant water – mosquitoes – malaria – death
Indian attack, lack of shelter, drought, and starvation became biggest problems

13. Why Was There Such High Mortality?
POPULATION:
1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%

14. Jamestown John Smith Tobacco
Helped desperate situation in Jamestown by forcing colonists to work for the good of the colony
Pocahontas saved Smith from Powhatan Indians
Left Jamestown because of a gunpowder accident
“starving time followed
Tobacco
Brought over by John Rolfe
Became a badly needed source of income for Jamestown

16. Jamestown Housing

18. Pocahontas

19. 1619
Dutch ship with 20 African indentured servants ran aground at Jamestown
Dutch traded the servants for supplies
Servants became first slaves in North America
House of Burgesses started in Williamsburg Virginia
First representative government in America
Beginning of democracy in North America

20. Tobacco field in Virginia
Tobacco created a greed for land, since it heavily depleted soil and ruined the land.
Tobacco field in Virginia

21. Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

22. Indentured Servitude Headright System: Indenture Contract:
Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid
Indenture Contract:
5-7 years.
Promised “freedom dues” [land, $]
Forbidden to marry.
: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

23. Maryland
Founded in 1634 by Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore), Maryland was the second plantation colony and the fourth overall colony to be formed.
Refuge for Catholics
Lord Baltimore gave huge estates to his Catholic relatives, but the poorer people who settled there where mostly Protestant, creating friction.
Act of Toleration – all welcome in Maryland as long as they believed in the Holy Trinity.
Death penalty to those who did not believe

24. Maryland

25. West Indies Plantations
As the British were colonizing Virginia, they were also settling in the West Indies
Thousands of African slaves were needed to operate sugar plantations
To control so many slaves “codes” were set up that defined the legal status of slaves and the rights of the masters

26. Carolinas Created during the Restoration Period
Carolina flourished by developing close economic ties with the West Indies.
Rice emerged as the principle crop in Carolina.
Violent colony due to the close border to Spanish Florida

27. North Carolina
In 1712, North and South Carolina were officially separated.
Many newcomers to Carolina were Virginia castoff “squatters,” people who owned no land.
North Carolinians developed a strong resistant to authority, due to geographic isolation from neighbors.
Most democratic
Most independent minded
Least aristocratic

28. Georgia Last of the 13 colonies to be established
Started by James Oglethorpe as a colony for imprisoned debtors from England
Also became a buffer by protecting Carolinas from Indian and Spanish attack.
Undisciplined and doomed to failure

30. Oglethorpe and Georgia
James Oglethorpe

31. Southern Colonies Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina
Georgia
Dominated by tobacco plantations
All were aristocratic (except for North Carolina)
All had cash crop – tobacco, rice , sugar or indigo
Close contact with England due to slow moving navigable rivers
All had slaves

32. Widowarchy
High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!