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Chapter 3: Early Humans and the Agricultural Revolution
Lesson 1: Hunter-Gatherers
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Bell Ringer Describe a day in the life of a human being living in PRE-HISTORIC times. What do they do… When they first wake up? Throughout the day? Before they go to sleep?
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1) The Paleolithic Age Stone Age – the earliest part of human history
Paleolithic Age – the earliest part of the Stone Age Human Survival: Nomads – they moved from place to place Groups of 20-30 Hunted and Gathered food This was their main activity and was usually difficult Had to learn what they could or could not eat
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Finding Food: Men Women Hunted large animals Traveled far from camp
Had to develop more efficient methods Weapons and tracking Women Stayed closed to camp Looked after children Searched nearby woods for berries, nuts, and grains Reflection: What kind of dangers would the women have faced during their search for food?
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Invention of Tools Sticks, stones, and tree were used as the first tools Technology – tools and methods to perform tasks First used by Paleolithic people Paleolithic tools were a major part of their culture Flint for cutting tools Spears, Bows and Arrows, Fish hooks Needles for sewing nets and clothes
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Climate and Shelter Cold Climates Warm Climates
Made clothing from animal skin Used caves and rock overhangs as shelter Constructed tents and huts with wood or animal bones/skin Warm Climates Needed less clothing or shelter Lived in caves/huts for safety from large animals
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Fire Made life less difficult Provided:
Warmth Light Security from animals Cooked food Easier to digest Smoked food could be stored Created by rubbing wood together Tools were developed to make this easier Iron pyrite A rock that produced sparks to ignite dry grass/leaves Reflect: Explain why fire was important to the survival of Paleolithic people.
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Language and Art Early humans communicated with sounds and gestures
Language was developed to: Express ideas and emotions Pass knowledge Spoken language was constantly growing and changing Art was also a way early humans expressed themselves Paint made from crushed rocks combined with animal fat Used twigs and fingertips to paint Most were of animals, few included humans May have been created to record history
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2) The Ice Ages Long periods of extreme cold Land Bridge
Exposed by lowered sea level Connected Asia and North America Land bridge allowed people to travel across the continents Affect on Humans Threatened human life Had to adapt many areas of life Began to eat more fat Built stronger shelter Made warmer clothing Most recent Ice Age lasted about 90,000 years!
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Bell Ringer Chapter 3 Lesson 2
Describe 3 benefits of living in one place over living a nomadic lifestyle.
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1) Neolithic Times Began after the last Ice Age
Nomads settled into places rather than always moving Began to farm and DOMESTICATE animals Domesticate – tame animals to human advantage Animals helped move goods Provided meat, milk and wool
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The Neolithic Age Neolithic – “new stone”
Marked by the change from hunter/gatherers to farmers Began around 8,000 BC, ended around 4,000 BC Slow change, many people still hunted and gathered Agricultural Revolution Hunter/gatherers ate grains while farmers saved some to plant Growing crops produced a constant food supply Population grew faster Considered the most important event in human history Reflect: Describe three problems that might arise if the populations grew TOO fast.
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Widespread Farming By 8,000 BC By 6,000 BC By 5,000 BC
People in Southwest Asia grew wheat and barley Domesticated pigs, cows, goats, and sheep Farming started to spread into Southeastern Europe By 6,000 BC Egyptians grew wheat and barley in the Farming spread into other parts of Africa Central Africans grew root plants and fruit Including yams and bananas People in China began to domesticate dogs and pigs By 5,000 BC Rice became a major crop in Asia Central Americans grew corn, squash, and potatoes Also domesticated chickens and dogs
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2) Neolithic Life People settled in villages with permanent homes
Communities Existed in Europe, India, Egypt, China, and Mexico Biggest and earliest communities were found in Southwest Asia Village of Jericho One of the oldest villages ever Established by 8,000 BC Was surrounded by a thick wall Catalhuyuk Home to around 6,000 people Homes had roof entrances and wall paintings Had shrines, or holy places
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Benefits of Settled Life
Protection from weather and animals Steady food supply from farming Began to trade extra food Specialization – training for a particular job people traded what they made for things they didn’t have Men Farmed and protected the village Were community leaders Women Cared for children Made clothes Handled food supplies ***Populations sometimes grew too fast and settlements had to be abandoned***
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End of the Neolithic Age
Technology was becoming more advanced Tools became much better Shovels for digging Sickles for cutting grain Millstones for grinding flour Some regions developed metal tools/weapons Easier to make and use Beginning of the Bronze Age Asians mixed copper and tin to make bronze Much stronger than copper Became widely used from 3000 BC to 1200 BC Most people still used stone tools
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Civilizations Emerge Cultures become more complex, called civilizations Traits of Civilizations Cities and Government Cities formed in river valleys Fertile land for crops Center of civilizations Formed governments for protection First governments were Monarchies – led by a king or queen Kept order, created armies, controlled food supplies Religions Helped explain life Believed gods were responsible for their survival
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Social Structure Writing
People were divided into different classes based on work, wealth, or power Highest – Rulers, Priests, Warriors Middle – free farmers and artisans Lowest – slaves Writing Used symbols instead of letters Kept accurate records and stories Reflect: Why do you think priests and warriors were considered among the highest class of people?
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