1. Amending the Constitution

2. What in our country has changed? When society changes do social values and laws change?

3. Agricultural Society of less then four million in 13 states Today: over 270 million in 50 states

4. 1791 ratification with 10 Amendments 27 Amendments today, 27th in 1992, Congressional Pay Approximately 11,539 measures have been proposed to amend the Constitution from 1789 through January 2, 2013.

5. Problem with the Articles of Confederation? Not Flexible, 100% of vote Constitution now has 27 Amendments, what does Amendment mean?

6. The Amending Process Article V There are several ways to amend, change, the constitution. STEP ONE - Proposal Must pass 2/3 the House of Representatives and the Senate. or Must pass 2/3 of states at a National Constitutional Convention if one is called. STEP TWO - Ratification 3/4 of the state legislatures must vote yes. or 3/4 of state held conventions.

7. 4 Methods of Amending Constitution FIRST METHOD -Proposed by CONGRESS in a 2/3 vote in both houses -Ratified by STATE Legislature in ¾ (38) of the States 26 of 27 added this way

8. 4 Methods of Amending Constitution SECOND METHOD -Proposed by CONGRESS in a 2/3 vote in both houses -Ratified by CONVENTIONS held in ¾ (38) of the States 21st Amendment added this way

9. 4 Methods of Amending Constitution THRID METHOD -Proposed NATIONAL CONVENTION called by Congress when requested by 2/3 (34) State Leg. -Ratified by STATE LEG in ¾ (38) of the States

10. 4 Methods of Amending Constitution FOURTH METHOD -Proposed NATIONAL CONVENTION called by Congress when requested by 2/3 (34) State Leg. -Ratified by CONVENTIONS in ¾ (38) of the States

11. Informally Amending the Constitution Informal amendments, unlike formal amendments which change the written word of the Constitution, are changes not affecting the written document.

12. Informally Amending the Constitution BASIC LEGISLATION EXECUTIVE ACTION PARTY PRACTICES COURT CASES CUSTOM / TRADITION

13. Informally Amending the Constitution Basic Legislation 1. Congress can pass laws that spell out some of the Constitution's brief provisions. 2. Congress can pass laws defining and interpreting the meaning of constitutional provisions. Congressional legislation is an example of the informal process of amending the constitution. 3. Two ways in which Congress may informally amend the Constitution is by enacting laws that expand the brief provisions of the Constitution, and enacting laws that further define expressed powers.

14. Informally Amending the Constitution Executive Action 1. Presidents have used their powers to delineate unclear constitutional provisions, for example, making a difference between Congress's power to declare war and the President's power to wage war. 2. Presidents have extended their authority over foreign policy by making informal executive agreements with representatives of foreign governments, avoiding the constitutional requirement for the Senate to approve formal treaties. Executive agreements are pacts made by a President with heads of a foreign government.

15. Informally Amending the Constitution Court Decision 1. The nation's courts interpret and apply the Constitution as they see fit, as in Marbury v. Madison, a court case involving the process of informal amendment. 2. The Supreme Court has been called "a constitutional convention in continuous session."

16. Informally Amending the Constitution Party Practices 1. Political Parties have been a major source of informal amendment. 2. Political parties have shaped government and its processes by holding political conventions, organizing Congress along party lines, and injecting party politics in the process of presidential appointments. 3. The fact that government in the United States is in many ways government through political party is the result of a long history of informal amendments.

17. Informally Amending the Constitution Custom/Tradition 1. Each branch of government has developed traditions that fall outside the provisions of the Constitution. Prior to Franklin Roosevelt, there was a tradition of the Executive branch that a president would not serve a third term, however that "custom" was added to the written Constitution through formal amendment. No third term for president. 2. An example is the executive advisory board known as the President's cabinet.

18. Civil Rights Addressed through Amendments Civil Rights - Slavery, Women's Rights, Voting Privileges, Prohibition, Repeal of Prohibition