1. 12-1 Vocabulary Fellahin –  Peasant farmers of Egypt who rent small plots of land Phosphate -  Chemical salt used to make fertilizer Dictatorship –  Form of government in which a leader rules by force and typically limits citizen’s freedoms Trade Sanction-  Step taken to cut off trade with a country to show opposition to its government’s actions Casbah -  Folder section of Algerian cities

2. 12-1 Vocabulary Civil War -  Fight between opposing groups for control of a country’s government Constitutional Monarchy -  Form of government in which a monarch is the head of state but elected officials run the government

3. 12-2 Vocabulary Secular –  Nonreligious Bedouin -  Nomadic desert people of the Southwest Asia who follow a traditional way of life Kibbutz –  Settlement in Israel where settlers share all their property and make goods as well as carry out farming Moshav-  Settlement in Israel in which people share in farming, production, and selling, but each person is allowed own some private property as well Clan -  Large group of people who have a common ancestor in the far past

4. 12-2 Vocabulary Alluvial Plain –  Area built up rich fertile soil left by river floods Embargo -  Ban on trade with a particular country

5. Chapter Notes 12-1 (N. Africa) I. Egypt – large deserts cover the land and people live within 20 miles of the ___________. A. It is a developing economy in which 1/3 of the people _________. B. The ___________ High Dam controls the flooding of the Nile R. C.Egypt’s main energy source is ________ and phosphates. D.Nearly 11 million live in the capital of ____________. E.Egyptians and Europeans built the ____________ Canal. II. Libya - 90% of it is covered by the ___________ Desert. (aquifers) A.____ has brought great wealth and money is used for infrastructure. B.Almost all of the people are mixed ____________ and Berber. C.Once rule by a _________, Muammar al-Qaddafi, now democratic. Nile farm Aswan oil Cairo Suez Sahara Oil Arab dictatorship

6. III. The _________ - region made up of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. A.___________is North Africa’s smallest country and its largest city is Tunis (1 million). B.___________ is North Africa’s largest country. In 1962, Algeria gained independence from France and today is a republic. C.Morocco is the leading producer of __________ and is a constitutional monarchy. Chapter Notes 12-2 (SW Asia) Eastern Mediterranean I. Turkey - it bridges the continents of _______ and Europe. A.The Sea of Marmara, Bosporus, and Dardanelles make up the Turkish __________. B.Turkey has the largest _____________ in SW Asia. (70% urban) C.The largest city and economic center is ____________. Maghreb Tunisia Algeria phosphates Asia Straits population Istanbul

7. D. Turkey was once the heart of the __________ Empire. E.The _________ are an ethnic group who have demanded their own independent state (country). II. _________- The land consists of fertile coastal plains and valleys. A. _____________ is Syria’s main economic activity. B. Most of the people live in ______ areas and grow cotton and wheat. C.__________, the capital, was founded 4,000 years ago as a trading center. D. It is a ____________ government that restricts political freedoms. III. ____________- is half the size of New Jersey. A. Most people live and work in the capital, _____________. B.Civil War between Arab ___________ and Christians has destroyed the country. Ottoman Kurds Syria Agriculture rural Damascus one-party Lebanon Beirut Muslims

8. IV. __________- lacks both water and energy resources. A. Most work in service/manufacturing industries in _______. (capital) B. Most of Jordan’s people are __________ Muslims. C.It now has a _____________ monarchy led by King Hussein I. V. _____________– lies west of Jordan, on the Mediterranean Sea A.In 1948, Israel became a ____________ republic. B.It has a developed economy that produces ___________ equipment. C.Advanced _______ systems help grow fruits/vegetables and cotton. D. Israelis live in ________ settlements called kibbutz and moshav. E.80% of Israel’s people are ___________ and the other 20% are Palestinians who are Muslims. F.This has led to serious disputes between Israel and ___________ Arabs. Jordan Amman Arab constitutional Israel Jewish high-tech irrigation farm Jewish Muslim

9. 12-2 Chapter Notes (The Arabian Peninsula) I. Saudi Arabia - is the ___________ country in SW Asia. A.Its covered by vast deserts with ____ rivers or permanent bodies of water. B.Saudi Arabia holds about ____% of the world’s oil and belongs to OPEC. Oil has given them a high standard of living. C.The capital and largest city is Riyadh and Islam’s holiest city is Makah (Mecca). Country ruled by a __________. II.Persian Gulf Countries A.Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the UAE are located on the _________ Gulf. B.All export ______ and use the money to build their economies. C.________, al large port is a financial and tourist center in the UAE. largest no 25 monarchy Persian oil Dubai

10. 12-2 Chapter Notes (Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan) I. ______- has 2 major rivers: the Tigris and Euphrates, between them is the alluvial plain, most of its farming takes place here. A. ______ is the country’s major export. B. About _____% of Iraq’s 23 million live in urban areas. C. Muslim Arabs make up the largest group and the ________, the second largest group want to form their own country. D. Saddam __________ was the last dictator to be overthrown by the U.S. Iraq is a democracy today. II. ________- is an oil-rich nation that has limited water supplies A.Most Iranians are not Arabs, but __________ or Azeri. B. Its ruled by a ______ republic that forbids many western customs. Iraq Oil 70 Kurds Hussein Iran Persians Islamic

11. III. ____________- is a mountainous, landlocked country A. ________ Pass is a major trade route through the Hindu Kush Mts. B.It is made up of many _______ groups: Pashtuns and Tajiks (main) C.In October 2001, the U.S. invaded and overthrew the terrorist- supporting __________ government. It’s a democracy today. Afghanistan Khyber ethnic Taliban