1. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 DRILL 11 DEC 08 Copy tonight’s homework: 1.Impacts Journal #1 due Monday. 2.Bring your protractor and compass to class Monday (you should always bring them to class) 3.Study for Friday Quiz on fossil fuels

2. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 1.What are the fossil fuels? 2.What makes them non-renewable? 3.Explain the formation of Coal, Natural Gas, and Petroleum. 4.What are the methods of extraction for fossil fuels? 5.What are the three locations of natural gas? 6.What are hydrocarbons? What is methane formula? 7.What is mercaptan and why is it used? Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels QUIZ REVIEW

3. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 8.Explain the operation of a seismic survey. 9.Who are world top producers of natural gas? 10.How are oil and natural gas transported? 11.Why are fossil fuels processed prior to use? 12.How is natural gas used in the home? 13.What’s the difference between petroleum reservoirs and reserves? 14.What geographic region has largest oil reserves? Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels QUIZ REVIEW

4. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 15.What 2 countries have the largest oil reserves? 16.How many gallons are in a barrel of oil? 17.How is a barrel of oil broken down in terms of end use? 18.Is crude oil always same color/viscosity? 19.What is distillation? Which fossil fuel is processed by it? 20.Continent consuming greatest per capita oil? Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels QUIZ REVIEW

5. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear 1.Nucleus of a heavy element (e.g. Uranium) splits when bombarded by a free neutron 2.Two smaller atoms, 1-3 neutrons, plus energy 3.Extra neutrons lead to chain reaction:

6. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, Uranium (U) is an energy source that must be processed before use. Front End: preparing the fuel Service Period: using fuel in reactor Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

7. Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 1.Exploration: 1)U is 500 times more abundant than gold 2)Traces can be found everywhere – all rocks and soils, rivers and oceans, food and human tissue 2.Mining and Milling: 1)Mining – surface (strip) or underground mining 2)Milling – grind up ore, use sulfuric acid to separate U from waste rock – “yellow cake” U 3 O 8 3.Conversion: U must be converted into a gas before it can be enriched (uranium hexafluoride – UF 6 )

8. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Uranium Ore Yellow Cake UF 6

9. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End

10. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End Background Chemistry The number of protons are the atomic number. Uranium’s atomic number is 92 Atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes – “same place” Isotope U-235 is the only fissile isotope found in nature

11. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 4.Enrichment: increase concentration of U-235 and remove 85% of U-238 Depleted Uranium: removed U-238, which includes.25% U-235, is used in metal to form yacht keels, radiation shielding, and (controversially) weapons as ammunition. Keel

12. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End 5.Fuel Fabrication: 1)UF 6 converted to UO 2 powder 2)Powder converted to pellets 3)Pellets stacked in tubes 4)These are nuclear fuel rods 5)Groups of rods make up fuel assembly 6)Hundreds of assemblies make up reactor core

13. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Radioactivity 1.Alpha particles Do not penetrate skin Harmful is inhaled/ingested 2.Beta particles Damage living cells, permanent nucleic change Ovaries/testes – damage passed to future generations 3.Gamma rays As damaging as X-ray Causes mutation / cancer

14. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front End: preparing the fuel 1.Exploration 2.Mining and Milling 3.Conversion 4.Enrichment 5.Fabrication Service Period: using fuel in reactor Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

15. Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 27% Recycling

16. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 1.Electricity Generation 1)Transport of radioactive materials 2)In-core fuel management Old fuel rods must be changed periodically (1/3 at a time) 2.Food and Agriculture 1)FDA approved irradiation of food 2)Kills bacteria, insects, and parasites

17. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period 3.Nuclear medicine – Imaging 1)Most medical imaging is anatomical – deals only with structures 2)Nuclear imaging shows physiological functioning of organs 3)Radiotracer injected into blood, inhaled, or ingested 4)“Gamma camera” detects energy given off (PET scan – Positron Emission Tomography)

18. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear 3.Nuclear weapons 1)Only two known uses of nuclear weapons use – Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period “Fat Man” “Little Boy”

19. Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period

20. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle Front End: preparing the fuel 1.Exploration 2.Mining and Milling 3.Conversion 4.Enrichment 5.Fabrication Service Period: using fuel in reactor Electricity, Medicine, Food and Agriculture, Military Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel

21. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Two options for spent fuel: Interim storage and final disposal Reprocessing to recover usable portion 1.Interim Storage: 1)Used fuel assemblies: hot and highly radioactive 2)Stored in special ponds usually near reactor site 3)Water is radiation barrier and cools fuel

22. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End 2.Reprocessing Reprocessing separates U and Pu from waste products – chop up fuel rods and dissolve them in acid to separate materials 1)U enrichment a)Spent fuel contains ~96% of original U b)U-235 reduced to 1% c)Therefore, send back to enrichment 2)Plutonium (Pu) a)Spent fuel contains ~1% radioactive Pu b)Can be blended with enriched U for new fuel c)One of the most highly toxic elements known

23. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste 1.Low-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay 10-50 years 1.Material used to handle highly radioactive parts of reactor Cooling water pipes, radiation suits 2.Waste from medical uses 3.Processing nuclear fuel generates depleted uranium (DU) DU used as heavy metal 2.High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Material from core of reactor/decommissioned weapons

24. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal 1.Low-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay 10-50 years 1.Temporary storage 2.Standard disposal methods or reuse (heavy metal) 2.High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years 1.Currently only short-term storage exists 2.Geologic disposal. Requires: 1.Absolutely stable geological formations 2.Unprecedented stability of human institutions

25. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal 2.High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Yucca Mountain 80 miles northwest of Las Vegas Only proposed site in U.S. for high-level waste storage 77,000 tons capacity

26. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End Waste Disposal 2.High-level waste – radioactive isotopes decay >100,000 years Space Disposal 1.Limited capacity on rockets 2.Rocket malfunction is possible

27. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-3 Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear