1. USAID LEAF Regional Climate Change Curriculum Development Module: Carbon Measurement and Monitoring (CMM) Section 4. Carbon Stock Measurement Methods 4.8. Monitoring non-CO 2 GHGs

2. NameAffiliationNameAffiliation Deborah Lawrence, Co-leadUniversity of VirginiaMegan McGroddy, Co-leadUniversity of Virginia Bui The Doi, Co-leadVietnam Forestry UniversityAhmad Ainuddin NuruddinUniversiti Putra Malaysia Prasit Wang, Co-leadChiang Mai University, Thailand Mohd Nizam SaidUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Sapit DiloksumpunKasetsart University, ThailandPimonrat TiansawatChiang Mai University, Thailand Pasuta SunthornhaoKasetsart University, ThailandPanitnard TunjaiChiang Mai University, Thailand Wathinee SuanpagaKasetsart University, ThailandLawong BalunUniversity of Papua New Guinea Jessada PhattralerphongKasetsart University, ThailandMex Memisang PekiPNG University of Technology Pham Minh ToaiVietnam Forestry UniversityKim SobenRoyal University of Agriculture, Cambodia Nguyen The DzungVietnam Forestry UniversityPheng SoklineRoyal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Nguyen Hai HoaVietnam Forestry UniversitySeak SophatRoyal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Le Xuan TruongVietnam Forestry UniversityChoeun KimsengRoyal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia Phan Thi Quynh NgaVinh University, VietnamRajendra ShresthaAsian Institute of Technology, Thailand Erin SwailsWinrock InternationalIsmail ParlanFRIM Malaysia Sarah WalkerWinrock InternationalNur Hajar Zamah ShariFRIM Malaysia Sandra BrownWinrock InternationalSamsudin MusaFRIM Malaysia Karen VandecarUS Forest ServiceLy Thi Minh HaiUSAID LEAF Vietnam Geoffrey BlateUS Forest ServiceDavid GanzUSAID LEAF Bangkok Chi PhamUSAID LEAF Bangkok

3. IOVERVIEW: CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOREST CARBON 1.1Overview: Tropical Forests and Climate Change 1.2Tropical forests, the global carbon cycle and climate change 1.3Role of forest carbon and forests in global climate negotiations 1.4Theoretical and practical challenges for forest-based climate mitigation IIFOREST CARBON STOCKS AND CHANGE 2.1Overview of forest carbon pools (stocks) 2.2Land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) and CO 2 emissions and sequestration 2.3Overview of Forest Carbon Measurement and Monitoring 2.4IPCC approach for carbon measurement and monitoring 2.5 Reference levels – Monitoring against a baseline (forest area, forest emissions) 2.6 Establishing Lam Dong’s Reference Level for Provincial REDD+ Action Plan : A Case Study IIICARBON MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING DESIGN 3.1Considerations in developing a monitoring system IVCARBON STOCK MEASUREMENT METHODS 4.1Forest Carbon Measurement and Monitoring 4.2Design of field sampling framework for carbon stock inventory 4.3Plot Design for Carbon Stock Inventory 4.4Forest Carbon Field Measurement Methods 4.5Carbon Stock Calculations and Available Tools 4.6Creating Activity Data and Emission Factors 4.7Carbon Emission from Selective Logging 4.8Monitoring non-CO2 GHGs VNATIONAL SCALE MONITORING SYSTEMS

4.  Introduction: 3 minutes  Lecture/content: 30 minutes  Exercise/Group discussion:20 minutes

5. At the end of the session, learners will be able to:  Name the major non-CO 2 GHGs, and describe whey they are concerns  Recognize the major drivers of Non-CO 2 GHGs emissions  Explain how to measure/monitor Non-CO 2 GHGs.

6.  What are the most important GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere?  Which ones are primarily generated by human activities (Time 5 to 10 minutes)

7. NamePre-industrial concentrations Current* concentrations Carbon dioxide280 ppm395 ppm Methane722 ppb1893 ppb Nitrous oxide270 ppb326 ppb Ozone237 ppb337 ppb

8.  A measure of how much heat a GHG traps in the atmosphere relative to CO 2  Calculated over a specific time interval (20, 100, or 500 years)

9. UNFCCC GWPs for CH 4 and N 2 O Species Global Warming Potential (Time Horizon) 20 years100 years500 years CO 2 111 CH 4 56216.5 N2ON2O280310170

10.  Ozone and Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are other effective greenhouse gases  Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) include CCl 2 F 2, CHClF 2, CF 4 and C 2 F 6  Formation of GHGs from precursor gases is considered indirect emission (NO x, NH 3, and CO are common precursor gases)

11. CH 4 N2ON2O N 2 O (fertilizer) N2ON2O CH 4 (rice) CO 2 livestock crop production

12. N 2 O primarily emitted during the processes of nitrification and denitrification

13. Fertilizer additions

14. CH 4 emitted through methanogenesis CO 2 + 8 H + CH 4 +2 H 2 O

15. The formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens  In guts of humans and other animals, especially ruminant animals (e.g. cattle, sheep)  In anoxic environments, such as wetlands and landfills/ manure storage  Also produced in biomass burning

16.  CH 4 and N 2 O produced from decomposition of manure  CH 4 produced under anaerobic conditions  N 2 O produced under aerobic or mixed aerobic/anaerobic conditions  Emissions of gas from manure depends on storage system

19. GHG emissions from Agriculture in CO2-e 1990-2011

20.  When they constitute a significant proportion of emissions from LULUCF, for example:  Slash and burn agriculture  Conversion of forest to pasture for livestock production  Application of synthetic fertilizers for crop production  Non-CO 2 emissions are included in emission factors for land use and land use change

21.  The amount of N 2 O and CH 4 emitted by fires is a function of:  Area burned  Mass of fuel available for combustion in area  Proportion of fuel actually combusted – depends on size and architecture of fuel load (twigs burn more efficiently than large logs) moisture content and type of fires  Amount of GHGs emitted per unit fuel consumed

22. Emissions from Biomass = (1)*(2)*(3)*(4)*(5) (1) Area burned * (2) Biomass burned * (3) combustion factor * (4) Emission Factor for gas * (5) GWP of gas

24.  Using the emissions factors on the previous table and the GWP values presented at the beginning of the lecture calculate the size of the effect in the atmosphere from CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O emitted from burning 100 ha of tropical forest after 10 years and after 100 years. Assume 85% of the biomass is combusted  15 minutes

25.  Nitrogen emissions are calculated as a function (fx) of the amount of fertilizer applied  CH 4 emissions from rice production are a function of:  Area cultivated  Cultivation period  Emission factor based on rice ecosystem type, flooding pattern before and after cultivation, type and amount of organic amendments, soil type, rice cultivar

26. CH 4 emissions factors are calculated as a function of livestock type, feed intake, and the conversion of feed energy to methane General Equation: CH 4 emissions = CH 4 EF * number of animals

27. General Equation: Emissions + EF * population of livestock Tier 1 calculations use default values Tier 2 includes more subclasses of livestock groups based on management of both livestock and manure. For N2O feed type is an addition consideration

28.  Global Warming Potentials (GWP)  Global warming impact of non-CO 2 GHGs  Key non-CO 2 GHGs (N 2 O and CH 4 )  Major sources of non-CO 2 GHGs  Agriculture, Biomass Burning and Livestock  Other non-CO 2 GHGs (Ozone, NMVOCs and precursor gases)  Approaches for estimating non-CO2 GHGs emissions

29.  EPA 430-R-12-006: Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990 – 2030: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/EPAactivities/EPA_Global_NonCO 2_Projections_Dec2012.pdf http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/EPAactivities/EPA_Global_NonCO 2_Projections_Dec2012.pdf  Samir Amous, Non-co2 emissions from stationary combustion. IPCC: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_2_Non- CO2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_2_Non- CO2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf  Rose, Steven K. and Huey-Lin Lee. 2008. Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data for Climate Change, GTAP Working Paper No. 43 2008: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/3674.pdf https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/3674.pdf  http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/oldestPC/docs/pdf/ch_7_projecting_growth_ of_ghg_emissions.pdf http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/oldestPC/docs/pdf/ch_7_projecting_growth_ of_ghg_emissions.pdf

30. 1. Enteric fermentation 2. Nitrification and denitrification 3. Methanogenesis 4. Combustion factor 5. Emission Factor 6. Ruminant