1. Measuring Civic Competence Across Europe: A Complex Picture Bryony Hoskins European Commission Centre for Research on Lifelong Learning (CRELL)

2. Active Citizenship in a Learning Context
Aims of the Project:
To propose indicators on active citizenship and learning active citizenship
Evaluate and monitor the success of education and training policies on active citizenship citizenship
To explore the relationship between the learning for and the practice of active citizenship

3. Policy Context Lisbon Strategy Progress report 2004 onwards
Need indicators on active citizenship 2005 Council
European Framework on Key Competence 2006
Council Conclusion coherent framework indicators and benchmarks 2007
First indicators on Active Citizenship 2007 EC reporting
So what was the context of this project. We have heard much about this this morning so I keep it brief.

4. EXTREMISM MIGRATION/ RACISM SOCIAL EXCLUSION GLOBALISATION
What is the socio-political context in the member states across Europe.
Let me begin with the picture in the middle of a girl watching TV – Robert Putnam
Globalisation
Unemployment – resentment – violence
Socially excluded – no voice – not able to change the circumstances of the way they live
Terrorism
Migration – increasing intolerance
GLOBALISATION
APATHY/ RESENTMENT

5. Theoretical framework of active citizenship in a learning context

6. Theoretical model of a competence
Skills
Cognitive
Affective
Attitudes
Intended
behaviour
Knowledge
Values

7. European Framework on Key Competences Civic competence
Knowledge:
Democracy, justice, equality, citizenship, civil rights
History, socio political events of the day
Europe; main objectives, values and diversity
Skills:
Engage effectively with others, problem solving in the community, decision-making, critical and creative reflection
Attitudes & Values:
Respect for human rights, equality & democracy,
Sense of belonging local, country, Europe, World
Willingness to participate in democratic decision-making
Respect shared values necessary for community cohesion i.e. democratic principles
Sustainable development

8. + USA, Australia, Hong Kong, Chile and Colombia Grade 8 students
Data 1999 CIVED study
28 countries 22 of which are European countries and 20 which are now EU countries.
Belgium (french speaking), Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak republic, Slovenia, Sweden (Norway, Switzerland and Russian Federation)
+ USA, Australia, Hong Kong, Chile and Colombia
Grade 8 students
The study has a follow-up in 2009 (repeated measurement)
Used scales instead of individual items

9. Limitations of measuring civic competence
Only aspects that can be measured in international surveys
(not ‘build coalitions’, ‘cooperation’, ‘to interact’)
Only those measured by CivEd
(not ‘to know how to vote’)
Data from 1999
Only 14 years old

10. Civic competence & CIVED
Compared lists
Some uncovered: history & culture
Most partially or poorly covered
Removed
Questions formulated to take left or right political positions removed
(e.g. Immigration)

11. IEA Scales
Cognitive
TOT – Knowledge of content
Knowledge
KNOWL – Knowledge of content
Skills
SKILS – Skills in interpretation of material with civic or political content

12. IEA, CEDAR, CRELL Scales Attitudes & Values:
DEM – Attitude towards democracy
CTCON – Conventional citizenship
CTSOC – Social movements
WOMRT –Women’s political & economic right
MINOR –Opportunities for minorities
EFFIC – Internal political efficacy
Intended Actions:
CONFS + SCON – Confidence School Participation
POLAT – Political activities
VOTE – Voting
COMM – Community participation

13. FACTOR ANALYSIS

14. Cognition about democratic institutions Citizenship Values
Civic Competence
(CCCI)
Cognition about democratic institutions
Citizenship Values
Social Justice (Values and attitudes)
Participatory attitudes
CTCON
CTSOC
WOMRT
MINOR
CONFS
EFFIC
COMM
POLAT
SCON*
VOTE
DEMR
KNOWL
SKILS

15. Results of the Composite Indicator

16. Finland
Sweden
Norway
Poland
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Germany
Czech
Republic
Slovakia
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Greece
Cyprus
Italy
Denmark
Belgium
(FR)
England
Portugal
Slovenia
Switzerland
Russia

17. Civic Competence Composite Indicator
Overall mixed results
Not typical score board results
Greece & Cyprus highest score

20. Citizenship Values & Attitudes towards participation
South and East Europe perform well for Participatory attitudes and Citizenship values
Citizenship values:
Romania and Lithuania high
Southern European top (Greece and Cyprus)
North and West Europe low
Denmark, England, Belgium-Fr and Finland lowest

21. Citizenship Values & Attitudes towards participation
South and East Europe perform well for Participatory attitudes and Citizenship values
Participatory attitudes:
South & East High: Cyprus, Portugal, Romania, Poland & Slovakia
Most North & West Low: Denmark, Sweden & Finland/ Germany, England & Switzerland

22. Hypothesis
Recent & less stable democracies young people value citizenship and the importance of participation more
Longer democracies with greater levels of participation by adults young people apathetic

25. Social Justice and Cognition about democratic
Social justice & Cognition about Democratic Institutions; East Europe performs less well
Social justice
North, South & West Europe: Cyprus, Portugal, Norway & England perform well
Former communist countries low: Russian Federation, Hungary, Bulgaria and Latvia
Outlier Poland
Cognition about democratic institutions
North, South and West Europe top half
East Europe bottom half
Baltic states lowest
Outlier Portugal low
Outlier Slovakia and Poland high

26. Hypothesis
Affects of Communism
Young people no longer interested in equality
A lack of citizenship education

27. Conclusions Limitations: CCCI
data availability: gaps in different components of civic competence
Age Group: 14 years old
1999
CCCI
84 indicators
Combines (Attitudes, Values, Knowledge & Skills)
4 dimensions: Cit. values, Social justice, Part. attitudes, Cog. dem. Instit.
Results very robust

28. Conclusions
Mixed regional picture
Length of time and stable democracy a key factor in results
Most countries & regions have some work to do on citizenship education

29. Thank you