1. The Definition and Measurement of Disability: The Work of the Washington Group (continued) Daniel Mont Disability and Development Group The World Bank November 9, 2006

2. Cognitive Testing Cognitive testing was undertaken in 15 countries to ensure validity and better understand how the questions operate. Purposive Samples Asked WG question and series of detailed questions in the same domains Collected information on response process Analyzed problematic response patterns Questions performed well with a few issues: Glasses and hearing aid clauses Communication question

3. More detailed questions on functioning. For example, Cognitive Questions Do you have difficulty remembering the names of people or places? Do you have difficulty remembering appointments? Do you have difficulty remembering how to get to familiar places? Do you have difficulty remembering important tasks, like taking medications or paying bills? Do you have difficulty concentrating on doing something for ten minutes? Do you have difficulty learning a new task, for example, learning how to get to a new place? Do you have difficulty finding solutions to problems in day to day life?

4. Information on response process Questions to interviewers Need to repeat any part of the question? Any difficulty in using response options? Did respondents ask for clarification or qualify their answers? Follow-up probes to understand response process

5. Correlates of cognition difficulty Unadjusted ORs 95% Conf. Int. Concerned11.18***7.34 – 17.05 Learn new task7.93***4.95 – 12.70 Problem solving 7.22***4.59 – 11.35

6. Correlates of cognition difficulty Difficulties remembering Unadjusted ORs 95% Conf. Ints. People or places 9.12***5.85 – 14.23 Appointments6.55***4.36 – 9.82 Finding places5.20***3.43 – 7.86 Important tasks6.40***4.27 – 9.60

7. Socio- demographic correlates of cognition difficulty Unadjusted ORs 95% Conf. Ints. Male 1.04 (non-sig)0.70 – 1.54 Age 35-54 55 + 1.05 (non-sig) 2.05*** 0.64 – 1.72 1.26 – 3.33

8. Overall, questions worked well Well understood Responses consistent Two problem areas Glasses clause – WG is revisiting but solution has a lot to do with translation protocol Communication Question – WG will revisit to see if question can be simplified

9. Field Testing Undertaken in South Africa and Vietnam Checking for Internal consistency Results comparable to changes seen in other countries with move towards functional approach to measuring disability

10. WG Census Question vs. Extended Questions For Field Test Constructed three thresholds for disability based on WG census question: D1=1 if any difficulty, D2=1 if a lot, D3=1 if unable to do Constructed three thresholds for disability based on extended questions: ED1, ED2, ED3 What was the D measure picking up compared to the ED measures?

11. Example: Mobility question WG question: Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps? D1=1 if “some difficulty”, “a lot of difficulty”, or “cannot do at all” D2=1 if “a lot of difficulty” or “cannot do at all” D3=1 if “cannot do at all” Extended Questions: Do you have difficulty going outside of your home?(0) Do you have difficulty walking a long distance such as a kilometer (or a mile)? ED1=1 if “some”, “a lot” or “cannot do” for either question ED2=1 if “a lot” or “cannot do at all” for either question ED3=1 if “cannot do at all” for either question

13. Vietnam Disability Rates – Thai Binh Province SeeingNPct. No Difficulty239070.3 Some Difficulty80323.6 A Lot of Difficulty1845.4 Unable230.7

14. Walking or Climbing Steps NPct. No Difficulty263777.6 Some Difficulty56416.6 A Lot of Difficulty 1765.2 Unable230.7

15. Functional Questions Lead to Higher Rates of Disability Many Developing Country Censuses ask “Do you have a disability?” but… People think of disability as very serious and won’t report minor or moderate disabilities “Disability” creates shame and stigma so people do not want to identify themselves that way, People think of disability relative to their expectations of normal functioning so it undercounts the elderly Switch to Functional Questions raises disability rate E.g., Brazil 14.5%, Ecuador 12.1%, Zambia 13.1%, Nicaragua 10.3%

16. But, no such thing as a single prevalence rate In Ecuador, 12.1% of the population has a disability but 4% are significantly disabled. Which is the right number? In a field-test of WG questions in India, 4% of the population has great difficulty walking or cannot walk, but 18% of the population has some difficulty walking? Which is the right number? It depends why you are asking

17. SINTEF study in Zambia (Loeb and Eide) Nationally representative sample WG questions as screen All disabled respondents asked detailed follow-up activity limitation questions Sample of non-disabled respondents asked similar questions

18. 9 Domains & 44 Activities 1. Basic learning & applying knowledge: reading, writing 2. Communication: producing and receiving messages 3. Mobility: walking, moving around 4. Self-care: washing, dressing 5. Domestic life: shopping, preparing meals 6. Sensory experiences: watching, listening 7. Interpersonal relations: making friends, interacting with strangers 8. Major life areas: going to school, getting a job 9. Community, social and civic life: clubs, religious, politics

19. Activity Limitation (a measure of capacity) How DIFFICULT it is for you to perform this activity WITHOUT ASSISTANCE? 0 - no difficulty 1 - slight difficulty 2 - moderate difficulty 3 - severe difficulty 4 - unable to carry out the activity

20. Activity Limitations Activity limitation score

21. Disability Data Collection Recommendations Do not use the word disability Functional approach Separate functional domains Scaled Responses Definition of disability can be made ex post, and hinge on domains and thresholds used