1. Mammals
Test #5

2. Class Mammalia Have hair Most have an active metabolism Endothermic
Efficient respiratory and circulatory systems (4 chambered heart)
Diaphragm helps with lungs
Has mammary glands that produce milk

3. Reproduction Most are born and not hatched Internal fertilization
Embryo develops in the uterus
Uterus forms a placenta- where nutrients diffuse into the embryo’s blood

4. Brain Usually larger Capable of learning
Care for young longer to teach them skills
Needed for survival

5. Feeding
Teeth come in a variety of shapes and sizes that are adapted to eat different kinds of foods
Incisors and canines-shearing or tearing
Premolars and molars- grinding
Jaws that are different from reptiles

6. Major Orders of Mammals
Monotremes
Marsupials
Plancentals

7. Monotremes Comes from the greek word monos (single) trema (hole).
Have a cloaca
Lack teeth as adults
Have a spur on the legs in the ankle region that contains venom in a platypus.
Legs are on the sides of their bodies like reptiles instead of underneath the body like most mammals.

8. Monotremes Platypuses and Echidnas (spiny ant eaters)
Only mammals that lay eggs
Contain yolk to nourish young
Have hair and produce milk
No nipples-glands secrete milk on stomach and the babies suck milk from fur
Found in Australia and New Guinea
Infant echidnas are known as puggles.

9. Marsupials Opossums, Kangaroos, Bandicoots, and Koalas
Born very early in development and completes embryonic development while nursing
Young are held in a pouch called a marsupium
Example: The red kangaroo is the size of a honeybee at birth and is born 33 days after fertilization.
It then crawls from the exit of the reproductive tract to the pouch
Front limbs are more developed at the time of birth for climbing.

10. Marsupials Reproduction
Females have 2 vaginas that lead to two separate uteruses
Females have a third canal that is used for birth
Males have a pronged penis that is only used to transfer sperm (not used for urination).
Both sexes have a cloaca

11. Placentals Gets it’s name from the placenta
Organ that transfers nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes between mother and embryo
Allows the embryo to develop for a longer time period inside the mother
Rats: a few weeks
Elephants: two years

12. 12 Major Orders Insectivores (shrews, hedgehogs, moles)
Insect eaters
Have long narrow snouts and sharp claws for digging
Sirenians (Manatees, dugongs)
Herbivores
Live in rivers , bays and warm costal waters scattered throughout most of the world
Slow, large, fully aquatic mammals

13. 12 Major Orders Cetaceans ( Whales, dolphins) Chiropterans (Bats)
Live underwater but must come to the surface to breathe
Most live and breed in the ocean
Chiropterans (Bats)
Winged mammals
Only mammals that can fly
1/5 of all mammalian species
Eat mostly fruit, insects, or nectar but some feed on the blood of other vertebrates

14. 12 Major Orders
Rodents (Mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, gophers, chipmunks, gerbils, prairie dogs, chinchillas)
Have a single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in upper and lower jaws
Gnaw wood and other tough plant material
Perissodactyls (horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and zebras)
Hofed animals with an odd number of toes on each foot

15. 12 Major Orders Carnivores (dogs, foxes, bears, racoons, walruses)
Stalk or chase prey by running or pouncing, then kill with their sharp teeth or claws
Some eat plants and meat
Artiodactyls (Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels, antelope, deer, gazelles)
Hoofed mammals have an even number of toes on each foot
Mostly large grazing animals

16. 12 Major Orders Lagomorphs (hares and rabbits)
Herbivores
Only have a pair of incisors in the upper jaw
Most have hind legs adapted for leaping
Xentharthrans (sloths, anteaters and armadillos)
Have simple teeth without enamel
Some have no teeth at all

17. 12 Major Orders Proboscideans (elephants)
Animals with trunks
Used to include mastodons and mammoths, but today we only have African and Asian elephants
Primates (lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macques, humans)
Have a highly developed cerebrum and complex behavior

18. Primates Early primates Insectivores Cretaceous period
Probably small and tree dwelling because they had limber shoulders to swing on trees and hands to hang on branches
Claws were replaced with nails
Sensitive, long fingers and toes
Eyes are close together in front of their face (binocular vision)
Have depth perception that helps with swinging
Increased parental care

19. Primates 2 Sub orders Prosimians “pre-monkeys” Anthropoids
Lemurs, lorises, pottos, and tarsiers
More like early primates
Anthropoids
Monkeys, apes, and humans
Fossils indicated they were already established in Africa and Asia 40 mya

20. Prosimians
Small
Nocturnal primates with large eyes adapted to see in the dark
Many have dog-like snouts

21. Anthropoids Anthropoid means “human-like primates”
Branched into two based on evolutionary history
New World monkeys and Old World monkeys

22. Monkeys
Came to South America by raft (continents were closer together then) or by migration

23. New World Monkeys Arboreal-live and swing on trees
Have long prehensile tails that coil around branches
nostrils that open to the side

24. Old World Monkeys Ground dwelling and arboreal
Tail is not for swinging and the nostrils open downward
They also have tough seat pads on their behinds
Most are diurnal (active during the day)
Usually live in bands
Hominids are larger

25. Hominids (or “Great Apes”)
Have 4 Genera
1. Hylobates (gibbons)
2. Pongo (orangutans)
3. Gorilla (gorillas)
4. Pan (chimpanzees)
5. Humans

26. Hominids Are larger than monkeys Long arms, short legs, and no tails
All apes can swing from branches
Only gibbons and orangutans are arboreal
Gorillas and chimpanzees are very social
Apes have proportionally larger brains than monkeys
Apes behavior is more adaptable
Can walk upright and grasp with thumbs