1. An introduction to Medline (CMM2) Medical Subject Librarian Team

2. Session outline and outcomes The session will include: some information about the Medline database the components and techniques of database searching a demonstration of a typical Medline search a practical exercise By the end of the session you should have a better understanding of: the formulation of a successful database search strategy the Medline indexing process how to interpret and use your search results

3. Why? Why have this session? Why use journals? Why use databases? Specifically, why use Medline?

4. Medline - some facts and figures Database provided by the US National Library of Medicine (therefore has a US bias) Content includes basic research and clinical sciences Contains over 14 million records Indexes over 4,600 core biomedical journals Searchable back to 1950 Updated weekly

5. Using Medline via the OvidSP platform Lecturers will often refer to searching Medline via PubMed Searching Medline via OvidSP allows you to see more clearly how you achieve your results

6. Medline: an example search Lets say we want to find journal articles published on the subject of: Brain tumours related to mobile phone use

7. Before starting your search ask yourself: What are my keywords? Are there any other ways to spell the keywords? Are there any other words which mean the same thing (synonyms)? Are there any related keywords I want to include?

8. Identify keywords, synonyms and related keywords Brain cancer Intracranial tumour …malignancy …carcinoma …neoplasm …tumor Cellular phone Cellphone Electromagnetic fields Radio waves Radiation Mobile phoneBrain tumour Brain tumours related to mobile phone use

9. Combine your terms using Boolean logic or Intracranial tumour Brain tumour To combine synonyms use search operator or

10. Combine your terms using Boolean logic and Mobile phones Brain tumour To combine concepts use search operator and

11. Combine your terms using Boolean logic Mobile phones not Hearing loss To exclude unwanted terms use search operator not

12. Combine your terms using Boolean logic Brain tumour or Intracranial tumour or Brain neoplasm Mobile phone or Cellular phone or Radiation and Your combined search will start to look something like this:

13. Medline: methods of searching Search by Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Search by text words Both approaches needed for good quality searching

14. Medline – MeSH searching What is a MeSH search? MeSH = Medical Subject Headings (a thesaurus) Indexer reads entire article (not just the abstract) and assigns headings from this thesaurus to describe its contents Why use it? Synonyms come under one preferred heading (e.g. brain neoplasms will retrieve articles on brain or intracranial cancers, tumour, tumor, carcinoma etc)

15. http://metalib.bris.ac.uk Select Find database

16. Find database medline

17. Find database Click on Medline link

18. University of Bristol Single Sign-on

19. The OVID platform Select Medline 1950 to present

20. MeSH: select Advanced Ovid Search tab Select Advanced Ovid Search Use Ask a University of Bristol Librarian to get feedback on your search

21. MeSH: entering a search term brain tumour

22. MeSH: mapping display Check the Scope Note

23. MeSH: scope note Back to Previous Page

24. MeSH: select a term Choose Brain Neoplasms

25. MeSH: the tree structure Explode your term Click Continue

26. MeSH: subheading display Choose Include All Subheadings* * Think inclusively at the early stages of a search BUT note down any subheading codes for potential later use * Think inclusively at the early stages of a search BUT note down any subheading codes for potential later use Click Continue

27. MeSH: first search result Click Search History to expand

28. MeSH: combining terms 1 1 and 2

29. MeSH: combining terms 2

30. Searching by text word searches for the exact words in the titles or abstracts of all papers on the database If MeSH is so good, why use the text word option? If the topic is a new one there is unlikely to be a MeSH term Sometimes the MeSH term is too general to be of use Sometimes the appropriate MeSH term will elude you Helps overcome possible errors or omissions – indexers are only human! When to search by text word

31. * Pollut* - will give you pollute, polluter, polluting, pollutant, pollutants, pollution etc $ also works in this way in OvidSP # Often useful with American spelling - e.g. ioni#ation will find both ionisation and ionization (represents a single character) ? colo?r finds color or colour (zero or one character) Text word searching: wildcards

32. Text word searching 1 Select Search Fields

33. Text word searching 2 (brain or intracranial) adj2 (cancer* or tumo?r* or carcinoma* or malignan* or neoplasm*) Select Text Word

34. Text word searching 3 (1 or 4) and (2 or 5)

35. Text word searching 4

36. How to refine your results Too few hits? Think of all possible MeSH and text word terms (synonyms, alternative terminology/spelling) for each concept and link the related terms using OR Check your spelling Explode your mesh searches and include all subheadings Use truncation when conducting text word searches Too many hits? Use more precise search terms Add additional search terms to existing search sets using AND Restrict your mesh searches to focus Specify subheadings Apply limits

37. MeSH: restricting to focus *3

38. MeSH: specifying a subheading 1/ep

40. Select Additional Limits MeSH: limits

41. MeSH: additional limits

42. Practical work In pairs or threes, work through the question sheet Take your time and work collaboratively - the key to the practical work is understanding what you are doing, not the speed in which it is completed

43. Any questions? For further help: Contact the Medical Subject Librarian team: Email:medical-librarians@bristol.ac.uk (or use the Ask a University of Bristol Librarian link in Medline) Telephone: (0117) 331 1504